Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Genetic Resource Banks and Reproductive Technology for Wildlife Conservation

  • Chapter
Genetic Conservation of Salmonid Fishes

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NSSA,volume 248))

Abstract

Reproduction is fundamental to the continued existence and success of a species. Therefore, reproductive physiology plays a critical role in the emerging field of conservation biology and the preservation of bio- and genetic-diversity. Cryobiology, or low temperature biology, dictates our ability to successfully store animal germ-plasm, tissues and DNA which will be vital to managing both species and genetic variation. Within each of these disciplines, scientists can wield an arsenal of techniques sometimes categorized under the rather broad terms of “assisted reproduction” or “reproductive biotechnology”. For more than two decades, there has been much speculation and debate about the potential uses of artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer (ET), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and “frozen zoos” for species conservation. But, preservation of a species requires routine and efficient production of offspring, and most of the pregnancies generated in various wildlife species using assisted reproduction have been one-time events (Wildt et al., 1992a,b). Also, many failed attempts of artificial breeding go unreported (Wildt et al., 1986).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anonymous. 1978. Conservation of Germ Plasm Resources: An Imperative, National Research Council, Report of Committee on Germ Plasm Resources, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. 1984. Animal Germplasm Preservation and Utilization in Agriculture, Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Report No. 101, Ames, IA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. 1985. U.S. Strategy on the Conservation of Biological Diversity, Inter-Agency Task Force Report to Congress, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. 1987. Technologies to Maintain Biological Diversity, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Report No. OTA-F-330, U.S. Government Printing Office, March.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballou, J.D. 1992. Potential contribution of cryopreserved germ plasm to the preservation of genetic diversity and conservation of endangered species in captivity. Cryobiology 29: 19–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.L., D.E. Wildt, C.R. Raath, V. de Vos, J.G. Howard, D. Janssen, S. Citino and M. Bush. 1991a. Impact of season on seminal characteristics and endocrine status of adult free-ranging African buffalo (Syncerus coffer). J. Reprod. Fert. 92: 47–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.L., D.E. Wildt, J.R. Raath, V. de Vos, J.G. Howard, D.L. Janssen, S.B. Citino and M. Bush. 1991b. Seasonal variation in LH, FSH and testosterone secretion and concentrations of testicular gonadotropin receptors in free-ranging impala (Aepyceros melampus). J. Reprod. Fert. 93: 497–505.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.L., M. Bush, C. Packer, A.E. Pusey, S.L. Monfort, S.J. O’Brien, D.L. Janssen and D.E. Wildt. 1991c. Developmental changes in pituitary-gonadal function in free-ranging lions (Panthern leo) of the Serengeti Plains and Ngorongoro Crater. J. Reprod Fert. 91: 29–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, O. and T. Kuehl. 1984. The first successful in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in a nonhuman primate. Theriogenology 21: 228 (abstr.).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donoghue, A.M, L.A. Johnston, U.S. Seal, D.L. Armstrong, R.L. Tilson, P. Wolf, K. Petrini, L.G. Simmons, T. Gross and D.E. Wildt. 1990. In vitro fertilization and embryo development in vitro and in vivo in the tiger (Panthera tigris). Biol. Reprod. 43: 733–747.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dresser, B.L., L. Kramer, C.E. Pope, R.D. Dahlhausen and C. Blauser. 1982. Superovulation of African eland (Taurotragus oryx) and interspecies embryo transfer to Holstein cattle. Theriogenology 17: 86 (abstr.).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dresser, B.L., C.E. Pope, L. Kramer, G. Kuehn, R.D. Dahlhausen, E.J. Maruska, B. Reece and W.D. Thomas. 1985a. Successful transcontinental and interspecies embryo transfer from bongo antelope (Tragelaphus euryceros) at the L.A. Zoo to eland (Taurotragus oryx) and bongo at the Cincinnati Zoo. Proc. Am. Assoc. Zool. Prk. Aquar., pp. 166–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dresser, B.L., C.E. Pope, L. Kramer, G. Kuehn, R.D. Dahlhausen, EJ. Maruska, B. Reece and W.D. Thomas. 1985b. Birth of bongo antelope (Tragelaphus euryceros) to eland antelope (Taurotragus oryx) and cryopreservation of bongo embryos. Theriogenology 23: 190. (abstr.).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foose, T. 1987. Species survival plans and overall management strategies, in: “Tigers of the World: The Biology, Biopolitics, Management and Conservation of an Endangered Species,” R. Tilson and U.S. Seal, eds, pp. 304–316, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallardo, C.S., M.R. Del Campo and L. Filun. 1988. Preliminary trials of the cryopreserving of marine mollusc embryos as illustrated with the marine mussel Choromytilus chorus from southern Chile. Cryobiology 25: 565 (abstr.).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, W.V., H.D.M. Moore, R.D. North, T.D. Hartman and J.K. Hodges. 1988. Hormonal and behavioural detection of oestrus in blackbuck, Antilope cervicapra, and successful artificial insemination with fresh and frozen semen. J. Reprod. Fert. 82: 717–725.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J.G. and D.E. Wildt. 1990. Ejaculate-hormonal traits in the leopard cat (Felis bengalensis) and sperm function as measured by in vitro penetration of zona-free hamster ova and zona-intact domestic cat oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Devel. 26: 163–174.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J.G, M. Bush and D.E. Wildt. 1986. Semen collection, analysis and cryopreservation in nondomestic mammals, in: “Current Therapy in Theriogenology,” D. Morrow, ed., pp. 1047–1053, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchins, M. and R.J. Wiese. 1991. Beyond genetic and demographic management: The future of the Species Survival Plan and related AAZPA conservation efforts. Zoo Biol. 10: 285–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, L.A., A.M. Donoghue, S.J. O’Brien and D.E. Wildt. 1991. “Rescue” and maturation in vitro of follicular oocytes of nondomestic felid species. Biol. Reprod. 45: 898–906.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, L.J, S.J. O“Brien and D.E. Wildt. 1989. In vitro maturation and fertilization of domestic cat follicular oocytes. Gamete Res. 24: 343–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Junior, S.M., D.L. Armstrong, S.H. Hopkins, L.G. Simmons, M.C. Schiewe and T.S. Gross. 1990. Semen cryopreservation and the first successful artificial insemination of gaur (Bosgaurus). Theriogenology 33: 262 (abstr.).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleiman, D.G. 1989. Reintroduction of captive mammals for conservation: Guidelines for reintroducing endangered species into the wild. Bioscience 39: 152–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleiman, D.G., B.B. Beck, J.M. Dietz and L.A. Dietz. 1991. Costs of a reintroduction and criteria for success: Accounting and accountability in the golden lion tamarin conservation program. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 62: 125–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer, D.C., G.T. Moore and M.A. Kramen. 1976. Baboon infant produced by embryo transfer. Science 192: 1246–1247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, L., B.L. Dresser, C.E. Pope, R.D. Dahlhausen and R.D. Baker. 1983. Nonsurgical transfer of frozen-thawed eland embryos. Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet., pp. 104–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasley, B.L. and J.F. Kirkpatrick. 1991. Monitoring ovarian function in captive and free-ranging wildlife by means of urinary and fecal metabolites. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 22: 23–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loskutoff, N.M., B.L. Raphael, B.A. Wolfe, L.A.N. French, R.B. Buice, J.G. Howard, M.C. Schiewe and D.C. Kraemer. 1991. Embryo transfer in small antelope. Proc. Soc. Therio. pp. 341–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A.M., M.E. Roelke, K.L. Goodrowe, J.G. Howard and D.E. Wildt. 1990. Oocyte recovery, maturation and fertilization in vitro in the puma (Felis concolor). J. Reprod. Fert. 88: 249–258.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monfort, S.L., C. Martinet and D.E. Wildt. 1991b. Urinary steroid metabolite profiles in female Pere David’s deer (Elapharus davidinus). J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 22: 78–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monfort, S.L., C. Wemmer, T.H. Kepler, M. Bush, J.L. Brown and D.E. Wildt. 1990. Monitoring ovarian function and pregnancy in the Eld’s deer (Cervus eldi) by evaluating urinary steroid metabolite excretion. J. Reprod. Fert. 88: 271–281.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monfort, S.L., N.P. Arthur and D.E. Wildt. 1991a. Monitoring ovarian function and pregnancy by evaluating excretion of urinary oestrogen conjugates in semi-free-ranging Przewalski’s horses (Equus przewalski). J. Reprod Fert. 91: 155–164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, H.D.M., M. Bush, M. Celma, A.L. Garcia, T.D. Hartman, J.P. Hearn, J.K. Hodges, D.M. Jones, J.A. Knight, L. Monsalve and D.E. Wildt. 1984. Artificial insemination in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). J. Zool. (Lond.) 203: 269–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, H.D.M., R.C. Bonney and D.M. Jones. 1981. Induction of oestrus and successful artificial insemination in the cougar, Felis concolor. Vet. Rec. 108: 282–283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, C.E., E.J. Gelwicks, M. Burton, R. Reece and B.L. Dresser. 1991. Nonsurgical embryo transfer in the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah): Birth of a live offspring. Zoo Biol. 10: 43–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, C.E., E.J. Gelwicks, K.B. Wachs, G.L. Keller, E.J. Maruska and B.L. Dresser. 1989. Successful interspecies transfer of embryos from the Indian desert cat (Felis silvestris ornata) to the domestic cat (Felis catus) following in vitro fertilization. Biol. Reprod. 40 (Suppl.) 61 (abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rall, W.F., J.D. Ballou and D.E. Wildt. 1991. Cryopreservation and banking of animal germ plasm for species conservation: An imperative for action by the Captive Breeding Specialist Group. Proc. Ann. Cap. Breed. Special. Grp., Singapore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rails, K., K. Brugger and J. Ballou. 1979. Inbreeding and juvenile mortality in small populations of ungulates. Science 206: 1101–1103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schiewe, M.C. 1991. The science and significance of embryo cryopreservation. J. Zoo Wildl. Med 22: 6–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiewe, M.C., M. Bush, L.G. Phillips, S. Citino and D.E. Wildt. 1991. Comparative aspects of estrous synchronization, ovulation induction and embryo cryopreservation in the scimitar horned oryx, bongo, eland and greater kudu. J. exp. Zool. 58: 75–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, P.M., C.T. Hansen and D.E. Wildt. 1985. Viability of frozen-thawed mouse embryos is affected by genotype. Biol. Reprod. 32: 238–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, P.M., M.C. Schiewe and D.E. Wildt. 1987. The genotypic response of mouse embryos to multiple freezing variables. Biol. Reprod. 37: 1121–1128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Baulain, R. and W. Holtz. 1989. Deep freezing of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) sperm at varying intervals after collection. Theriogenology 32: 439–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seal, U.S. 1991. Life after extinction, in: “Beyond Captive Breeding: Reintroducing Endangered Mammals to the Wild,” J.H.W. Gipps, ed, pp. 39–55, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seal, U.S. and T. Foose. 1983. Development of a masterplan for captive propagation of Siberian tigers in North American zoos. Zoo Biol. 2: 241–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seal, U.S., E.D. Plotka, J.D. Smith, F.H. Wright, N.J. Reindl, R.S. Taylor and M.F. Seal. 1985. Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone and androstenedione levels during the breeding season and anestrus in Siberian tigers. Biol. Reprod. 32: 361–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steponkus, P.L., S.P. Meyers, D.V. Lynch, L. Gardner, V. Bronshteyn, S.P. Leibo, W.F. Rall, R.E. Pitt, T.-T. Lin and R.J. Maclntyre. 1990. Cryopreservation of Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Nature 345: 170–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoss., J. 1983. Fish gamete preservation and spermatozoa physiology, in: “Fish Physiology,” W.J. Hoar, D.J. Randall and E.M. Donaldson, eds, pp. 305–350, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stover, J. and J. Evans. 1984. Interspecics embryo transfer from gaur (Bosgaurus) to domestic Holstein cattle (Bos taurus) at the New York Zoological Park. X Intl. Cong. Anim. Reprod. Artif. Insem. 2: 243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summers, P.M., A.M. Shephard, J.K. Hodges, J. Kydd, M.S. Boyle and W.R. Allen. 1987a. Successful transfer of the embryos of Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii) and Grant’s zebra (E. burchelli) to domestic mares (E. caballus). J. Reprod. Fert. 80: 13–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summers, P.M., A.M. Shephard, C.T. Taylor and J.P. Hearn. 1987b. The effects of cryopreservation and transfer on embryonic development in the common marmoset monkey, Callithrixjacchus. J. Reprod Fert. 79: 224–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasser, S.K., S.L. Monfort and D.E. Wildt. 1991. Rapid extraction of faecal steroids for measuring reproductive cyclicity and early pregnancy in free-ranging, yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus). J. Reprod Fert. 92: 415–423.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, P.A. and G.H. Thorgaard. 1991. Cryopreservation of rainbow trout semen in large straws. Aquaculture 93: 95–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wildt, D.E. 1989. Reproductive research in conservation biology: Priorities and avenues for support. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 20: 391–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildt, D.E. 1990. Potential applications of IVF technology for species conservation, in: “Fertilization in Mammals,” B.D. Bavister., J. Cummins, E.R.S. Roldan, eds, pp. 349–364, Serono Symposium, U.S.A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildt, D.E., and U.S. Seal. 1988. Editors for monograph, Research Priorities for Single Species Conservation Biology. National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 23 P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildt, D.E., A.M. Donoghue, L.A. Johnston, P.M. Schmidt and J.G. Howard. 1992a. Species and genetic effects on the utility of biotechnology for conservation. Symp. zool. Soc. London. 64: 45–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildt, D.E., S.L. Monfort, A.M. Donoghue, L.A. Johnston and J.G. Howard. 1992b. Embryogenesis in conservation biology — or how to make an endangered species embryo. Theriogenology 37: 161–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wildt, D.E., L.G. Phillips, L.G. Simmons, P.K. Chakraborty, J.L. Brown, J.G. Howard, A. Teare and M. Bush. 1988. A comparative analysis of ejaculate and hormonal characteristics of the captive male cheetah, tiger, leopard and puma. Biol. Reprod. 38: 245–255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wildt, D.E., M.C. Schiewe, P.M. Schmidt, K.L. Goodrowe, J.G. Howard, L.G. Phillips, S.J. O’Brien and M. Bush. 1986. Developing animal model systems for embryo technologies in rare and endangered wildlife. Theriogenology 25: 33–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. NOAHS Center, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20008-2598, USA

    David E. Wildt & William F. Rall

  2. Captive Breeding Specialist Group, World Conservation Union, 12101 Johnny Cake Ridge Road, Apple Valley, MN, 55124, USA

    Ulysses S. Seal

Authors
  1. David E. Wildt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ulysses S. Seal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. William F. Rall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA

    Joseph G. Cloud

  2. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA

    Gary H. Thorgaard

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wildt, D.E., Seal, U.S., Rall, W.F. (1993). Genetic Resource Banks and Reproductive Technology for Wildlife Conservation. In: Cloud, J.G., Thorgaard, G.H. (eds) Genetic Conservation of Salmonid Fishes. NATO ASI Series, vol 248. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2866-1_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2866-1_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6242-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2866-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation