Abstract
Using the broadest definition, allelopathy encompasses biochemical interactions among plants at all levels of complexity, including microorganisms (Molisch 1937). Both inhibitory and stimulatory reactions originally were considered part of this concept. Since the appearance of the first major compendium on allelopathy (Rice 1974), however, the term has commonly been accepted to mean any direct or indirect harmful effect by one plant (including microorganisms) on another through the production of chemical compounds released into the environment. Although Rice reverted to the Molisch definition in his second edition (Rice 1984), the term continues to be associated with negative effects among most workers. Those working in allelopathy are often involved in the search for potential herbicides and growth inhibitors, and commonly ignore observed positive effects, publishing only the inhibitory data. The narrower definition is perhaps unwise, since most compounds are both stimulatory and inhibitory depending on the concentration used.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anaya, A.L. & H.R. Pelayo-Benavides. 1997. Allelopathic potential of Mirabilis jalapa L. (Nyctaginaceae): effects on germination, growth and cell division of some plants. Allelopathy J 4:57–68.
Anaya, A.L., L. Ramos, R. Cruz, J. Hernandez & V. Nava. 1987a. Perspectives on allelopathy in Mexican traditional agroecosystems: a case study in Tlaxcala. J. Chem. Ecol. 13:2083–2101.
Anaya, A.L., L. Ramos, J. Hernandez & R. Cruz. 1987b. Allelopathy in Mexico. In: Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry, ed. G.R. Waller, pp. 89–101, ACS Symposium series No. 330. American Chemical Society, Washington DC.
Anaya, A.L., M.R. Calera, R. Mata & R. Pereda-Miranda. 1990. Allelopathic potential of compounds isolated from Ipomoea tricolor Cav. (Convolvulaceae). J. Chem. Ecol. 16:2145–2152.
Anaya, A.L., D.J. Sabourin, B.E. Hernandez-Bautista & I. Mendez. 1995. Allelopathic potential of Ipomoea tricolor (Convolvulaceae) in a greenhouse experiment. J. Chem. Ecol. 21:1085–1102.
Anaya, A.L., B.E. Hernández-Bautista, A. Torres-Barragán, León-Cantero & M. Jiménez-Estrada. 1996. Phytotoxicity of cacalol and some derivatives obtained from the roots of Psacalium decompositum (A. Gray H. Rob. and Brettell (Asteraceae), Matarique or Maturin. J. Chem. Ecol. 22:393–403.
Anderson, R.C. & O.L. Loucks. 1966. Osmotic pressure influence in germination tests for antibiosis. Science 152:771–773.
Asplund, R.O. 1969. Some quantitative aspects of phytotoxicity of monoterpenes. Weed Sci. 17:454–455.
Barnes, J.P. & A.R. Putnam. 1983. Rye residues contribute weed suppression in no-tillage cropping systems. J. Chem. Ecol. 13:889–906.
Barnes, J.P. & A.R. Putnam. 1986. Evidence for allelopathy by residues and aqueous extracts of rye (Secale cereale). Weed Sci. 34:384–390.
Barnes, J.P. & A.R. Putnam. 1987. Role of Benzoxazinones in allelopathy by rye (Secale cereale L.). J. Chem. Ecol. 13:889–906.
Bartholomew, B. 1970. Bare zone between California shrub and grassland communities: the role of animals. Science 170:1210–1212.
Berenbaum, M.R. & A.R. Zangerl. 1996. Phytochemical diversity: adaptation or random variation? In: Phytochemical Diversity and Redundancy in Ecological Interactions, eds. J.T. Romeo, J.A. Saunders & P. Barbosa, pp. 1–24, Plenum Press, New York.
Blum. U. 1998. Designing laboratory plant debris-soil bioassays: some reflections. In: Principles and Practices in Chemical Ecology, ed.Inderjit. in Press. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Blum, U., T.M. Gerig, A.D. Worsham & L.D. King. 1993. Modification of allelopathic effects of p-coumaric acid on morning-glory seedling biomass by glucose, methionine, and nitrate. J. Chem. Ecol. 19:2791–2811.
Bradow, J.M. & W.J. Connick, Jr. 1988a. Volatile methyl ketone seed-germination inhibitors from Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. residues. J. Chem. Ecol. 14:1617–1631.
Bradow, J.M. & W.J. Connick, Jr. 1988b. Seed-germination inhibition by volatile alcohols and other compounds associated with Amaranthus palmeri residues. J. Chem. Ecol. 14:1633–1648.
Calera, M.R., A.L. Anaya & M. Gavilanes-Ruiz. 1995. Effect of phytotoxic resin glycoside on activity of H+-ATPase from plasma membrane. J. Chem. Ecol. 21:289–297.
Cameron, H.J. & G.R. Julian. 1980. Inhibition of protein synthesis in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) by allelopathic compounds. J. Chem. Ecol. 6:989–995.
Campbell, G., J.D.H. Lambert, T. Arnason & G.H.N. Towers. 1982. Allelopathic properties of α-terthienyl and phenylheptatriene, naturally occurring compounds from species of Asteraceae. J. Chem. Ecol. 8:961–972.
Cates, R.G. 1996. The role of mixtures and variation in the production of terpenoids in conifer-insect-pathogen interactions. In: Phytochemical Diversity and Redundancy in Ecological Interactions, eds. J.T. Romeo, J.A. Saunders & P. Barbosa, pp. 179–216, Plenum Press, New York.
Chase, W.R., M.G. Nair & A.R. Putnam. 1991a. 2,2′-Oxo-1,1′-azobenzene: selective toxicity of rye (Secale cereale L.) allelochemicals to weed and crop species: II. J. Chem. Ecol. 17:9–19.
Chase, W.R., M.G. Nair, A.R. Putnam & S.K. Mishra. 1991b. 2.2′-Oxo-1,1′-azobenzene: microbial transformation of rye (Secale cereale L.) allelochemical in field soils by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. III. J. Chem. Ecol. 17:1575–1584.
Choesin, D.N. & R.E.J. Boerner. 1991. Allyl isothiocyanate release and the allelopathic potential of Brassica napus (Brassicaceae). Am. J. Bot. 78:1083–1090.
Chou, C.-H, S-J. Chang, C.-M. Cheng, Y.-C Wang, F.-H. Hsu & W-H. Den. 1989. The selective allelopathic interaction of a pasture-forest intercropping in Taiwan. II. Interaction between kikuyu grass and three hardwood plants. Plant Soil 116:207–215.
Connell, J.H. 1990. Apparent versus “real” competition in plants. In: Perspectives on Plant Competition, eds. J.B. Grace & D. Tilman, pp. 9–25, Academic Press, San Diego.
Duke, S.O. 1986. Naturally occurring chemical compounds as herbicides. Rev. Weed Sci. 2:15–44.
Duke, S.O., K.C. Vaughn, E.M. Croom, Jr. & H.N. Elsohly. 1987. Artemisinin, a constituent of annual wormwood (Artemisia annua), is a selective phytotoxin. Weed Sci. 35:499–505.
Einhellig, F.A. 1987. Interaction among allelochemicals and other stress factors of the plant environment. In: Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry, ed. G.R. Waller, pp. 343–357, American Chemical Society Symposium Series Vol. 330, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
Einhellig, F.A. 1989. Interactive effects of allelochemicals and environmental stress. In: Phytochemical Ecology: Allelochemicals, Mycotoxins, and Insect Pheromones and Allomones, eds. C-H. Chou & G.R. Waller, pp. 101–118, Inst. of Botany, Academia Sinica Monogr. 9., Inst of Bot., Acad. Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
Einhellig, F.A. 1996. Interactions involving allelopathy in cropping systems. Agron. J. 88:886–893.
Einhellig, F.A. & P. Eckrich. 1984. Interactions of temperature and ferulic acid stress on grain sorghum and soybeans. J. Chem. Ecol. 10:161–170.
Einhellig, F.A., J.A. Rasmussen, A.M. Hejl & I.F. Souza. 1993. Effects of root exudate sorgoleone on photosynthesis. J. Chem. Ecol. 19:369–375.
Einhellig, F.A. & M.K. Schon. 1982. Noncompetitive effects of Kochia scoparia on grain sorghum and soybeans. Can. J. Bot. 60:2923–2930.
Fischer, N.H., J.D. Weidenhamer & J.M. Bradow. 1989. Inhibition and promotion of germination by several sesquiterpenes. J. Chem. Ecol. 15:1785–1793.
Fischer, N.H., J.D. Weidenhamer, J.L. Riopel, L. Quijano & M.A. Menelaou. 1990. Stimulation of witchweed germination by sesquiterpene lactones: a structure-activity study. Phytochemistry 29:2479–2483.
Fischer, N.H., G.B. Williamson, J.D. Weidenhamer & D.R. Richardson. 1994. In search of allelopathy in the Florida scrub: the role of terpenoids. J. Chem. Ecol. 20:1355–1380.
Fuerst, E.P. & A.R. Putnam. 1983. Separating the competitive and allelopathic components of interference: theoretical principles. J. Chem. Ecol. 9:937–944.
Gagliardo, R.W. & W.S. Chilton. 1992. Soil transformation of 2(3H)-benzoxazolone of rye into phytotoxic 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one. J. Chem. Ecol. 18:1683–1691.
Gerig, T.M. & U. Blum. 1991. Effects of mixtures of four phenolic acids on leaf area expansion of cucumber seedlings grown in Portsmouth B1 soil materials. J. Chem. Ecol. 17:29–40.
Gliessman, S.R. & C.H. Muller. 1972. The phytotoxic potential of bracken (Pteridum aquilinum (L), Kuhn.). Madrono 21:299–304.
Gliessman, S.R. & C.H. Muller. 1978. The allelopathic mechanisms of dominance in bracken (Pteridum aquilinum) in southern California. J. Chem. Ecol. 4:337–362.
Goldberg, D.E. & P.A. Werner. 1983. Equivalence of competitors in plant communities: a null hypothesis and a field experimental approach. Am. J. Bot. 70:1098–1104.
Halligan, J.P. 1973. Bare areas associated with shrub stands in grassland: the case of Artemisia californica. Bioscience 23:429–432.
Halligan, J.P. 1975. Toxic terpenes fromArtemisia californica. Ecology 56:999–1003.
Halligan, J.P. 1976. Toxicity of Artemisia californica to four associated herb species. Am. Midl. Natur. 95:406–421.
Hammerschmidt, R. & J.C. Schultz. 1996. Multiple defenses and signals in plant defense against pathogens and herbivores. In: Phytochemical Diversity and Redundancy in Ecological Interactions, eds. J.T. Romeo, J.A. Saunders & P. Barbosa, pp. 121–154, Plenum Press, New York.
Harper, J.L. 1977. Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press, London.
Hoffman, D.W. & T.L. Lavy. 1978. Plant competition for atrazine. Weed Sci. 26:94–99.
Inderjit & K.M.M. Dakshini. 1996. Allelopathic potential of Pluchea lanceolata: comparative studies of cultivated fields. Weed Sci. 44:393–396.
Isman, M.B., H. Matsuura, S. MacKinnon, T. Durst, G.H.N. Towers & J.T. Arnason. 1996. Phytochemistry of the Meliaceae: so many terpenoids, so few insecticides. In: Phytochemical Diversity and Redundancy in Ecological Interactions, eds. J.T. Romeo, J.A. Saunders & P. Barbosa, pp. 155–178, Plenum Press, New York.
Jeffries, H. 1917. On the vegetation of four Durham coal-measure fells. III. On water-supply as an ecological factor. J. Ecol. 5:129–154.
Kalisz, P.J. & E.L. Stone. 1984. The longleaf pine islands of the Ocala National Forest, Florida: a soil study. Ecology 65:1743–1754.
Kaminsky, R. 1981. The microbial origin of the allelopathic potential of Adenostoma fasciculatum H. & A. Ecol. Monog. 51:365–382.
Kinjo, I., K. Yokomizo, Y. Awata, M. Shibata & T. Nohara. 1987. Structures of phytotoxins, AV-toxins, C,D, and E produced by zonate leaf spot fungus of mulberry. Tetrahedron Lett. 28:3697–3698.
Kira, T., H. Ogawa & N. Sakazaki. 1953. Intraspecific competition among higher plants: I. Competition-density yield interrelationship in regularly dispersed populations. J. Inst. Polytech. Osaka City Univ. D4:1–16.
Langenheim, J.H. 1994. Higher plant terpenoids: a phytocentric overview of their ecological roles. J. Chem. Ecol. 20:1223–1280.
Leather, G.R. & F.A. Einhellig. 1985. Mechanisms of allelopathic action in bioassay. In: The Chemistry of Allelopathy, ed. A.C. Thompson, pp. 197–205, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
Leather, G.R. & F.A. Einhellig. 1986. Bioassays in the study of allelopathy. In: The Science of Allelopathy, eds. A. Putnam & C.-S. Tang, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Lovett, J.V., M.Y. Ryuntyu & D.L. Liu. 1989. Allelopathy, chemical communication, and plant defense. J. Chem. Ecol. 15:1193–1202.
Lyu, S-W., U. Blum, T.M. Gerig & T.E. O’Brien. 1990. Effects of mixtures of phenolic acids on phosphorus uptake by cucumber seedlings. J. Chem. Ecol. 16:2559–2567.
Macias, F.A., F.R. Fronczek & N.H. Fischer. 1989. Menthofurans from Calamintha ashei and the absolute configuration of desacetylcalaminthone. Phytochemistry 28:79–82.
McPherson, J.K. & C.H. Muller. 1969. Allelopathic effect of Adenostoma fasciculatum, “chamise,” in the California chaparral. Ecol. Monogr. 39:177–198.
Menelaou, M.A., J.D. Weidenhamer, G.B. Williamson, F.R. Fronczek, H.D. Fischer, L. Quijano & N.H. Fischer. 1993. Diterpenes from Chrysoma pauciflosculosa: effects on Florida sandhill species. Phytochemistry 34:97–105.
Molisch, H. 1937. Der Einfluss einer Pflanze auf die andere-Allelopathic Fischer, Jena.
Muller, C.H. 1953. The association of desert annuals with shrubs. Am. J. Bot. 40:53–60.
Muller, C.H. 1965. Inhibitory terpenes volatilized from Salvia shrubs. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 92:38–45.
Muller, C.H. 1966. The role of chemical inhibition (allelopathy) in vegetational composition. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 93:332–351.
Muller, C.H. & C.H. Chou. 1972. Phytotoxins: An ecological phase of phytochemistry. In: Phytochemical Ecology, ed. J.B. Harborne, pp. 201–216, Academic Press, London.
Muller, C.H. & R. del Moral. 1966. Soil toxicity induced by terpenes from Salvia leucophylla. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 93:130–137.
Muller, C.H. & R. del Moral. 1971. Role of animals in suppression of herbs by shrubs. Science 173:462–463.
Muller, C.H. & W.H. Muller. 1964. Antibiosis as a factor in vegetation patterns. Science 144:889–890.
Muller, C.H., W.H. Muller & B.L. Haines. 1964. Volatile growth inhibitors produced by aromatic shrubs. Science 143:471–473.
Muller, C.H., R.B. Hanawalt & J.K. McPherson. 1968. Allelopathic control of herb growth in the fire cycle of California chaparral. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 95:225–231.
Muller, W.H. 1965. Volatile materials produced by Salvia leucophylla: effects on seedling growth and soil bacteria. Botan. Gaz. 126:195–200.
Muller, W.H. & R. Hauge. 1967. Volatile growth inhibitors produced by Salvia leucophylla: effect on seedling anatomy. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 94:182–191.
Muller, W.H. & C.H. Muller. 1964. Volatile growth inhibitors produced by Salvia species. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 91:327–330.
Muller, W.H., P. Lorber & B. Haley. 1968. Volatile growth inhibitors produced by Salvia leucophylla: effect on seedling growth and respiration. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 95:415–422.
Muller, W.H., P. Lorber, B. Haley & K. Johnson. 1969. Volatile growth inhibitors produced by Salvia leucophylla: effect on oxygen uptake by mitochondrial suspensions. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 96:89–95.
Nair, M.G., C.J. Whitenack & A.R. Putnam. 1990.2,2′-Oxo-1,1′-azobenzene, a microbially transformed allelochemical from 2,3-benzoxazolinone: I. J. Chem. Ecol. 16:353–364.
Narwal, S.S., & P. Tauro. eds. 1996. Allelopathy in Pest Management for Sustainable Agriculture. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India.
Nilsson, M.-C. 1994. Separation of allelopathy and resource competition by the boreal dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup. Oecologia 98:1–7.
Nilsson, M.-C. & O. Zackrisson. 1992. Inhibition of Scots pine seedling establishment by Empetrum hermaphroditum. J. Chem. Ecol. 18:1857–1870.
Nilsson, M.-C., P. Högberg, O. Zackrisson & W. Fengyou. 1993. Allelopathic effects by Empetrum hermaphroditum on development and nitrogen uptake by roots and mycorrhizae of Pinus sylvestris. Can. J. Bot. 71:620–628.
Odén, P.C., P.-O. Brandtberg, R. Andersson, R. Gref, O. Zackrisson & M.-C. Nilsson. 1992. Isolation and characterization of a germination inhibitor from leaves ofEmpetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup. Scand. J. For. Res. 7:497–502.
Pereda-Miranda, R., R. Mata, A.L. Anaya, D.B. Mahinda Wickramaratne, J.M. Pezzuto & A.D. Kinghorn. 1993. Tricolorin A, major phytogrowth inhibitor from Ipomoea Tricolor. J. Nat. Prod. 56:571–582.
Putnam, A.R., J. Defrank & J.P. Barnes. 1983. Exploitation of allelopathy for weed control in annual and perennial cropping systems. J. Chem. Ecol. 9:1001–1010.
Rice, E.L. 1974. Allelopathy. Academic Press, New York.
Rice, E.L. 1984. Allelopathy, 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York.
Rice, E.L. & S.K. Pancholy. 1974. Inhibition of nitrification by climax ecosystems. III. Inhibitors other than tannins. Am. J. Bot. 61:1095–1103.
Richardson, D.R. & G.B. Williamson. 1988. Allelopathic effects of shrubs of the sand pine scrub on pines and grasses of the sandhills. Forest Sci. 34:592–605.
Stowe, L.G. 1979. Allelopathy and its influence on the distribution of plants in an Illinois old-field. J. Ecol. 67:1065–1085.
Tanrisever, N., N.H. Fischer & G.B. Williamson. 1987. Ceratiolin and other flavonoids from Ceratiola ericoides. Phytochemistry 26:175–179.
Tanrisever, N., N.H. Fischer & G.B. Williamson. 1988. Menthofurans from Calamintha ashei: effects on Schizachyrium scoparium and Lactuca sativa. Phytochemistry 27:2523–2536.
Thijs, H., J.R. Shann & J.D. Weidenhamer. 1994. The effect of phytotoxins on competitive outcome in a model system. Ecology 75:1959–1964.
Tyson, B.J., W.A. Dement & H.A. Mooney. 1974. Volatilisation of terpenes from Salvia mellifera. Nature 252:119–120.
Weidenhamer, J.D. 1987. Allelopathic properties ofPolygonella myriophylla. Ph.D. diss. Univ. of South Florida, Tampa (Diss. Abstr. AAG 8806204).
Weidenhamer, J.D. 1996. Distinguishing resource competition and chemical interference: overcoming the methodological impasse. Agron. J. 88:866–875.
Weidenhamer, J.D. & J.T. Romeo. 1989. Allelopathic properties ofPolygonella myriophylla: field evidence and bioassays. J. Chem. Ecol. 15:1957–1969.
Weidenhamer, J.D., T.C. Morton & J.T. Romeo. 1987. Solution volume and seed number: overlooked factors in allelopathic bioassays. J. Chem. Ecol. 13:1481–1491.
Weidenhamer, J.D., D.C. Hartnett & J.T. Romeo. 1989. Density-dependent phytotoxicity: distinguishing resource competition and allelopathic interference in plants. J. Appl. Ecol. 26:613–624.
Weidenhamer, J.D., F.A. Macias, N.H. Fischer & G.B. Williamson. 1993. Just how insoluble are monoterpenes?. J. Chem. Ecol. 19:1827–1835.
Weidenhamer, J.D., M.A. Menelaou, F.A. Macias, N.H. Fischer, D.R. Richardson & G.B. Williamson. 1994. Allelopathic potential of menthofuran monoterpenes from Calamintha ashei. J. Chem. Ecol. 20:3345–3359.
White, C.S. 1991. The role of monoterpenes in soil nitrogen cycling processes in ponderosa pine. Biogeochemistry 12:43–68.
Williamson, G.B. 1990. Allelopathy, Koch’s postulates, and the neck riddle. In: Perspectives on Plant Competition, eds. J.B. Grace & D. Tilman, pp. 143–161, Academic Press, San Diego.
Williamson, G.B. & J.D. Weidenhamer. 1990. Bacterial degradation of juglone: evidence against allelopathy?. J. Chem. Ecol. 16:1739–1742.
Williamson, G.B., N.H. Fischer, D.R. Richardson & A. de la PeTa. 1989. Chemical inhibition of fire-prone grasses by fire-sensitive shrub, Conradina canescens. J. Chem. Ecol. 15:1567–1577.
Williamson, G.B., E.M. Obee & J.D. Weidenhamer. 1992a. Inhibition of Schizachyrium scoparium (Poaceae) by the allelochemical hydrocinnamic acid. J. Chem. Ecol. 18:2095–2105.
Williamson, G.B., D.R. Richardson & N.H. Fischer. 1992b. Allelopathic mechanisms in fire-prone communities. In: Allelopathy: Basic and Applied Aspects, eds. S.J.H. Rizvi & V. Rizvi, pp. 58–75, Chapman and Hall, London.
Wilson, R.E. & E.L. Rice. 1968. Allelopathy as expressed by Helianthus annum and its role in old-field succession. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 95:432–448.
Zackrisson, O. & M-C. Nilsson. 1992. Allelopathic effects of Empetrum hermaphroditum on seed germination of two boreal tree species. Can. J. For. Res. 22:1310–1319.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Romeo, J.T., Weidenhamer, J.D. (1998). Bioassays for Allelopathy in Terrestrial Plants. In: Haynes, K.F., Millar, J.G. (eds) Methods in Chemical Ecology Volume 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5411-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5411-0_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7471-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5411-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive