Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Taxonomy of Mycobacteria

  • Chapter
Mycobacteria

Abstract

Mycobacterium (Gr. n. myces a fungus; Gr. neut. dim. n. bakterion a small rod; M.L. neut. n. Mycobacterium a fungus rodlet) is undeniably one of the most clinically important and intensively studied of bacterial taxa. Tuberculosis and leprosy, the most significant diseases caused by mycobacteria, have been recognized throughout recorded times. The taxonomic history of the genus Mycobacterium is intricate and difficult to disentangle from that of related taxa, notably Corynebacterium, Nocardia, and Rhodococcus (1). Comprehensive reviews on the early taxonomic history of these genera are available (2–7).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bousfield IJ, Goodfellow M (1976) The “rhodochrous” complex and its relationships with allied taxa. In: Goodfellow M, Brownell GH, Serrano JA, eds. The Biology of the Nocardiae, pp. 39–65. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lechevalier MP (1976) The taxonomy of the genus Nocardia: Some light at the end of the tunnel? In: Goodfellow M, Brownell GH, Serrano JA, eds. The Biology of the Nocardiae, pp. 1–38. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Barksdale L, Kim KS (1977) Mycobacterium. Bacteriol Rev 41:217–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Goodfellow M, Minnikin DE (1977) Nocardioform bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 31:159–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Goodfellow M, Minnikin DE (1981) Introduction to the coryneform bacteria. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Triiper HG, Balows A, Schlegel HG, eds. The Prokaryotes, Volume II, pp. 1811–1826. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Goodfellow M, Minnikin DE (1981) The genera Nocardia and Rhodococcus. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Trüper HG, Balows A, Schlegel HG, eds. The Prokaryotes, Volume II, pp. 2016–2027. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Goodfellow M, Minnikin DE (1984) Circumscription of the genus. In: Kubica GP, Wayne LG, eds. The Mycobacteria. A Sourcebook, pp. 1–24. New York: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Koch R (1882) Die Aetiologie der Tuberculose. Berliner Klin Wochenschr 19:221–238.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Timpe A, Runyon EH (1954) The relationship of “atypical” acid-fast mycobacteria to human disease. J Lab Clin Med 44:202–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Runyon EH (1958) Mycobacteria encountered in clinical laboratories. Leprosy Briefs 9:21.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Runyon EH (1959) Anonymous mycobacteria in pulmonary disease. Med Clin North Am 43:273–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Lehmann KB, Neumann R (1896) Atlas und Grundis der Bakteriologie und Lehrbuch der speciellen bakteriologischen Diagnostik, 1st ed. Munchen: J.F. Lehmann.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hansen GA (1880) Bacillus leprae. Virchow’s Arch 79:32–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Zopf W (1883) Die Spaltpilze. Breslau: Edward Trewendt.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Skerman VBD, McGowan V, Sneath PHA (1980) Approved lists of bacterial names. Int J System Bacteriol 30:225–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Goodfellow M, Wayne LG (1982) Taxonomy and nomenclature. In: Ratledge C, Stanford JL, eds. The Biology of the Mycobacteria, pp. 471–521. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Wayne LG, Kubica GP (1986) Genus Mycobacterium. In: Sneath PHA, Mair NS, Sharpe ME, Holt JG, eds. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, pp. 1436–1457. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lévy-Frébault VV, Portaels F (1992) Proposal for recommended minimal standards for the genus Mycobacterium and for newly described slowly growing Mycobacterium species. Int J System Bacteriol 42:315–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Lechevalier MP, and Lechevalier HA (1970) Chemical composition as a criterion in the classification of aerobic actinomycetes. Int J System Bacteriol 20:435–443.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Schleifer KH, Kandier O (1972) Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications. Bacteriol Rev 36:407–477.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Suzuki K, Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG (1993) Cell envelopes and classification. In: Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG, eds. Handbook of New Bacterial Systematics, pp. 195–250. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Cummins CS, Harris H (1958) Studies on the cell wall composition and taxonomy of Actinomycetales and related groups. J Gen Microbiol 18:173–189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Brennan PJ (1988) Mycobacterium and other actinomycetes. In: Ratledge C, Wilkinson SG, eds. Microbial Lipids, Volume 1, pp. 203–298. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Minnikin DE, Goodfellow M (1980) Lipid composition in the classification and identification of acid fast bacteria. In: Goodfellow M, Board RG, eds. Microbiological Classification and Identification, pp. 189–256. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Minnikin DE (1988) Isolation and purification of mycobacterial wall lipids. In: Hancock IC, Poxton IC, eds. Bacterial Cell Surface Techniques, pp. 125–135. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Minnikin DE (1993) Mycolic acids. In: Kumar D, Weber N, eds. CRC Handbook of Chromatography: Analysis of Lipids, pp. 339–348. Cleveland, OH: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Rainey FA, Klatte S, Kroppenstedt RM, Stackebrandt E (1995) Dietzia, a new genus including Dietzia maris comb, nov., formerly Rhodococcus maris. Int J System Bacteriol 45:101–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Embley TM, Wait R (1994) Structural lipids of eubacteria. In: Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG, eds. Chemical Methods in Procaryotic Systematics, pp. 121–161. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Magee JG (1995) Clinically significant mycobacteria: classification and identification. Ph.D. thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Lechevalier MP, DeBiévre C, Lechevalier HA (1977) Chemotaxonomy of aerobic actinomycetes: Phospholipid composition. Biochem System Ecol 5:249–260.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lechevalier MP, Stern AE, Lechevalier HA (1981) Phospholipids in the taxonomy of actinomycetes. Zentbl Bakt ParasitKde Abt I Suppl 11, 111–116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Collins MD (1994) Isoprenoid quinones. In: Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG, eds. Chemical Methods in Prokaryotic Systematics, pp. 265–309. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Goodfellow M, Orlean PAB, Collins MD, Alshamaony L, Minnikin DE (1978) Chemical and numerical taxonomy of strains received as Gordona aurantiaca. J Gen Microbiol 109:57–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Howarth OW, Grund E, Kroppenstedt RM (1986) Structural determination of a new naturally occurring cyclic vitamin K. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 140:916–923.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Collins MD, Howarth OW, Grand E, Kroppenstedt RM (1987) Isolation and structural determination of new members of the vitamin K series in Nocardia brasiliensis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 41:35–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Goren MB, Cernich M, Brokl O (1978) Some observations on mycobacterial acid-fastness. Am Rev Respir Dis 118:151–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Draper P (1982) The anatomy of mycobacteria. In: Ratledge C, Stanford JL, eds. The Biology of the Mycobacteria, pp. 9–52. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Sneath PHA (1992) International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ludwig W, Neumaier J, Klugbauer N, Brockmann E, Roller C, Jilg S, Reetz K, Schachter I, Ludvigsen A, Bachleitner M, Fischer U, Schleifer KH (1993). Phylogenetic relationships of bacteria based on comparative sequence analysis of elongation factor Tu and ATP-synthase β-subunit genes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 64:285–305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Woese C (1987) Bacterial evolution. Microbiol Rev 51:221–271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Embley TM, Stackebrandt E (1994) The molecular phylogeny and systematics of the actinomycetes. Annu Rev Microbiol 48:257–289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Chun J (1995) Computer assisted classification and identification of actinomycetes. Ph.D. thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Rainey FA, Burghardt J, Kroppenstedt RM, Klatte S, Stackebrandt E (1995) Phylogenetic analysis of the genera Rhodococcus and Nocardia and evidence for the evolutionary origin of the genus Nocardia from within the radiation of Rhodococcus species. Microbiology 141:523–528.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Pascual C, Lawson PA, Farrow JAE, Gimenez MN, Collins MD (1995) Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Corynebacterium based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Int J System Bacteriol 45:724–728.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ruimy R, Riegel P, Boiron P, Monteil H, Christen R (1995) Phylogeny of the genus Corynebacterium deduced from analyses of small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Int J System Bacteriol 45:740–746.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Lehmann KB, Neumann R (1907) Lehmann’s Medizin, Handatlanten. X. Atlas und Grundriss der Bakteriologie und Lehrbuch der speciellen bacteriologischen Diagnostik, 4 auflage Teil 2. Munich: J.F. Lehmann.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Chester FD (1897) Report of the mycologist: Bacteriological work. Delaware Agric Exp Station Bull 9:38–145.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Castellani A, Chalmers AJ (1919) Manual of Tropical Medicine, 3rd. edn. New York: William, Wood and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Jukes TH, Cantor CR (1969) Evolution of protein molecules. In: Munro HN, ed. Mammalian Protein Metabolism, pp. 21–132. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Saitou N, Nei M (1987) The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molec Biol Evol 4:406–425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Fitch WM, Margoliash E (1967) Construction of phylogenetic trees. Science 155:279–284.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kluge A, Farris FS (1969) Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans. System Zool 18:1–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Goodfellow M (1992) The family Nocardiaceae. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Trüper HG, Balows A, Schlegel HG, eds. The Prokaryotes, Volume II, pp. 1188–1213. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Boiron P, Provost F, Dupont B (1993) Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Nocardiosis. Paris: Institut Pasteur.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Staley JT, Williams ST (1994) Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Uchida K, Aida K (1979) Taxonomic significance of cell wall acyl type in Corynebacterium-Mycobacterium-Nocardia group by a glycolate test. J Gen Appl Microbiol 25:169–183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Minnikin DE, Dobson G, Goodfellow M, Draper P, Magnusson M (1985) Quantitative comparison of the mycolic and fatty acid composition of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium gordonae. J Gen Microbiol 131:2013–2021.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Minnikin DE, Minnikin SM, Parlett JH, Goodfellow M, Magnusson M (1984) Mycolic acid patterns of some species of Mycobacterium. Arch Microbiol 139:225–231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Minnikin DE, Minnikin SM, Hutchinson IG, Goodfellow M, Grange JM (1984) Mycolic acid patterns of representative strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum, “Mycobacterium peregrinum” and Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Gen Microbiol 130:363–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Dobson G, Minnikin DE, Minnikin SM, Parlett JH, Goodfellow M, Ridell M, Magnusson M (1985) Systematic analysis of complex mycobacterial lipids. In: Goodfellow M, Minnikin DE, eds. Chemical Methods in Bacterial Systematics, pp. 237–265. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Chun J, Kang S-O, Hah Y-C, Goodfellow M (1996) Phylogeny of mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes. J Ind Microbiol 17:205–213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Collins MD, Burton RA, Jones D (1988) Corynebacterium amycolatum sp. nov. a new mycolic acid-less Corynebacterium species from human skin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 49:349–352.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Funke G, Stubbs S, Altwegg M, Carlotte A, Collins MD (1994) Turicella otitidis gen. nov., sp. nov., a coryneform bacterium isolated from patients with otitis media. Int J System Bacteriol 44:270–273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Fox GE, Stackebrandt E (1987) The application of 16S rRNA sequencing to bacterial systematics. Methods Microbiol 19:406–458.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Rogall T, Wolters J, Flohr T, Böttger EC (1990) Towards a phylogeny and definition of species at the molecular level within the genus Mycobacterium. Int J System Bacteriol 40:323–330.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Stahl DA, Urbance JW (1990) The division between fast-and slow-growing species corresponds to natural relationships among the mycobacteria. J Bacteriol 172:116–124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Pitulle C, Dorsch M, Kazda J, Wolters J, Stackebrandt E (1992) Phylogeny of rapidly growing members of the genus Mycobacterium. Int J System Bacteriol 42:337–343.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Stackebrandt E, Smida J (1988) The phylogeny of the genus Mycobacterium as determined by 16S rRNA sequences and development of DNA probes In: Okami Y, Beppu T, Ogawara H, eds. Biology of Actinomycetes ′88, pp. 244–250. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Böttger EC, Hirschel B, Coyle MB (1993) Mycobacterium genavense sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 43:841–843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Meier A, Kirschner P, Schröder K-H, Wolters J, Kroppenstedt RM, Böttger EC (1993) Mycobacterium intermedium sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 43:204–209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Springer B, Kirschner P, Rost-Meyer G, Schröder K-H, Kroppenstedt RM, Böttger EC (1993) Mycobacterium interjectum, a new species isolated from a patient with chronic lymphadenitis. J Clin Microbiol 31:3083–3089.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Wayne LG (1959) Quantitative aspects of neutral red reactions of typical and “atypical” mycobacteria. Am Rev Tuber Pulm Dis 79:526.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Wayne LG (1967) Selection of characters for an Adansonian analysis of mycobacterial taxonomy. J Bacteriol 93:1382–1391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kubica GP, Silcox VA, Kilburn JO, Smithwick RW, Beam RE, Jones WD, Stottmeier KD (1970) Differential identification of mycobacteria. VI. Mycobacterium triviale Kubica sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 20:161–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Bremer H, Dennis PP, (1987) Modulation of chemical composition and other parameters of the cell growth rate. In: Neidhardt FC et al., eds. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology, Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Bercovier H, Kafri O, Sela S (1986) Mycobacteria possess a surprisingly small number of ribosomal RNA genes in relation to the size of their genome. Biochem Res Commun 136:1136–1141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Ji YE, Colston MJ, Cox RA (1994) Nucleotide sequence and secondary structures of precursor 16S rRNA of slow-growing mycobacteria. Microbiology 140:123–132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ji YE, Colston MJ, Cox RA (1994) The ribosomal RNA (rrn) operons of fast-growing mycobacteria: Primary and secondary structures and their relation to rrn operons of pathogenic slow-growers. Microbiology 140:2829–2840.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Tsukamura M (1967) Identification of mycobacteria. Tubercle, London 48:311–318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Wayne LG, Dietz TM, Gernez-Rieux C, Jenkins PA, Käppier W, Kubica GP, Kwapinski JBG, Meissner G, Pattyn SR, Runyon EH, Schröder KH, Silcox VA, Tacquet A, Tsukamura M, Wolinsky E (1971) A co-operative numerical analysis of scotochromogenic slowly growing mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 66:255–271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Wayne LG, Andrade L, Froman S, Käppier W, Kubala E, Meissner G, Tsukamura M (1978) A co-operative numerical analysis of Mycobacterium gastri, Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium marinum. J Gen Microbiol 109:319–327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Wayne LG, Good RC, Krichevsky MI, Beam RE, Blacklock Z, Chaparas SD, Dawson D, Froman S, Gross W, Hawkins J, Jenkins PA, Juhlin I, Käppier W, Kleeberg HH, Krasnow I, Lefford MJ, Mankiewicz E, McDurmont C, Meissner G, Morgan P, Nel EE, Pattyn SR, Portaels F, Richards PA, Rüsch S, Schröder KH, Silcox VA, Szabo I, Tsukamura M, Vergmann B (1981) First report of the co-operative open-ended study of slowly growing mycobacteria by the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J System Bacteriol 31:1–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Wayne LG, Good RC, Krichevsky MI, Beam RE, Blacklock Z, David HL, Dawson D, Gross W, Hawkins J, Jenkins PA, Juhlin I, Käppier W, Kleeberg HH, Krasnow I, Lefford MJ, Mankiewicz E, McDurmont C, Nel EE, Portaels F, Richards PA, Rüsch S, Schröder KH, Silcox VA, Szabo I, Tsukamura M, Vandenbzeen I, Vergmann B (1983) Second report of the co-operative open-ended study of slowly growing mycobacteria by the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J System Bacteriol 33:265–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Wayne LG, Good RC, Krichevsky MI, Blacklock Z, David HL, Dawson D, Gross W, Hawkins J, Jenkins PA, Juhlin I, Käppier W, Kleeberg HH, Levy-Frébault V, McDurmont C, Nel EE, Portaels F, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Schröder KH, Silcox VA, Szabo I, Tsukamura M, Van Den Breen L, Vergmann B, Yakrus MA (1989) Third report of the co-operative, open-ended study of slowly growing mycobacteria by the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J System Bacteriol 39:267–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Wayne LG, Good RC, Krichevsky MI, Blacklock Z, David HL, Dawson D, Gross W, Hawkins J, Vincent-Lévy-Frébault V, McManus C, Portaels F, Rusch-Gerdes S, Schröder KH, Silcox VA, Tsukamura M, Van Der Breen L, Yakrus MA (1991) Fourth report of the co-operative, open-ended study of slowly growing mycobacteria by the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J System Bacteriol 41:463–472.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Wayne LG, Good RC, Tsang A, Butler R, Dawson D, Groothuis D, Gross W, Hawkins J, Kilburn J, Kubin M, Schröder KH, Silcox VA, Smith C, Thorel MF, Woodley C, Yakrus MA (1993) Serovar determination and molecular taxonomic correlation in Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum: A co-operative study of the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J System Bacteriol 43:482–489.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Wayne LG, Good RC, Böttger EC, Butler R, Dorsch M, Ezaki T, Gross W, Jonas V, Kilburn J, Kirschner P, Krichevsky MI, Ridell M, Shinnick TM, Springer B, Stackebrandt E, Tarnok I, Tarnok Z, Tasaka H, Vincent V, Warren NG, Knott CA, Johnson R (1996) Semantide-and chemotaxonomy-based analyses of some problematic phenotypic clusters of slowly growing mycobacteria, a comparative study of the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J System Bacteriol 46:280–297.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Goodfellow M, Lind A, Mordarska H, Pattyn S, Tsukamura M (1974) A co-operative numerical analysis of cultures considered to belong to the “rhodochrous” taxon. J Gen Microbiol 85:291–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Kubica GP, Baess I, Gordon RE, Jenkins PA, Kwapinski JBG, McDurmont C, Pattyn SR, Saito H, Silcox V, Stanford JL, Takeya K, Tsukamura M (1972) A co-operative numerical analysis of rapidly growing mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 73:55–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Meissner G, Schröder KH, Amadio GE, Anz W, Chaparas S, Engel HWB, Jenkins PA, Käppier W, Kleeberg HH, Kubala E, Kubin M, Lauterbach D, Lind A, Magnusson M, Mikova ZD, Pattyn SR, Schaefer WB, Stanford JL, Tsukamura M, Wayne LG, Willers I, Wolinsky E (1974) A co-operative numerical analysis of nonscoto-and nonphoto-chromogenic slowly growing mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 83:207–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Saito H, Gordon RE, Juhlin I, Käppier W, Kwapinski JBG, McDurmont C, Pattyn SR, Runyon EH, Stanford JL, Tárnok I, Tasaka H, Tsukamura M, Weiszfeiler J (1977) Co-operative numerical analysis of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Int J System Bacteriol 27:75–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Minnikin DE (1982) Lipids: Complex lipids, their chemistry, biosynthesis and role. In: Ratledge C, Stanford JL, eds. The Biology of the Mycobacteria, Volume 1, pp. 95–184. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Stanford JL, Grange JM (1974) The meaning and structure of species as applied to mycobacteria. Tubercle 55:143–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Lind A, Ridell M (1976) Serological relationships between Nocardia, Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium and the “rhodochrous” complex. In Goodfellow M, Brownell GH, Serrano JA, eds. The Biology of the Nocardiae, pp. 220–235. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Chaparas SD, Brown TM, Hyman IS (1978) Antigenic relationships among species of Mycobacterium studied by fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Int J System Bacteriol 28:547–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Daffé M, Lanéelle MA, Asselineau C, Lévy-Frébault V, David H (1983) Intérêt taxonomique des acides gras des mycobactéries: Proposition d’une méthode d’analyse. Ann Microbiol (Institut Pasteur) 134B:241–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Minnikin DE, Hutchinson IG, Caldicott AB, Goodfellow M (1980) Thin-layer chromatography of methanolysates of mycolic acid-containing bacteria. J Chromatogr 188:221–233.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Ausina V, Luquin M, Garcia-Barcelo M, Lanéelle MA, Lévy-Frébault V, Belda F, Prats G (1992) Mycobacterium alvei sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 42:529–535.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Butler WR, O’Connor SP, Yakrus MA, Smithwick RW, Plikaytis BB, Moss CW, Floyd MM, Woodley CW, Kilburn JO, Vadney FS, Gross WM (1993) Mycobacterium celatum sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 43:539–548.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Häggblom MM, Nohynek LJ, Palleroni NJ, Kronqvist K, Nurmiaho-Lassila EL, Salkinoja-Salonen MS, Klatte S, Kroppenstedt RM (1994) Transfer of polychlorophenol-degrading Rhodococcus chlowphenolicus (Apajalahti et al., 1986) to the genus Mycobacterium as Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum comb. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 44:485–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Kazda J, Stackebrandt E, Smida J, Minnikin DE, Daffé M, Parlett JH, Pitulle C (1990) Mycobacterium cookii sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 40:217–223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Kazda J, Múller HG, Stackebrandt E, Daffé M, Müller K, Pitulle C (1992) Mycobacterium madagascariense sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 42:524–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Kazda J, Cooney R, Monaghan M, Quinn PJ, Stackebrandt E, Dorsch M, Daffé M, Müller K, Cook BR, Tárnok ZS (1993) Mycobacterium hiberniae sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 43:352–357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Kirschner P, Teske A, Schröder KH, Kroppenstedt RM, Wolters J, Böttger EC (1992) Mycobacterium confluentis sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 42:257–262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Koukila-Kähkölä P, Springer B, Böttger ER, Paulin L, Jantzen E, Katila M-L (1995) Mycobacterium branden sp. nov., a new potential human pathogen. Int J System Bacteriol 45:549–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Luquin M, Ausina V, Vincent-Lévy-Frébault V, Lanéelle MA, Belda F, Garcia-Barcelo M, Prats G, Daffé M (1993) Mycobacterium brumae sp. nov., a rapidly growing, nonphotochromogenic Mycobacterium. Int J System Bacteriol 43:405–413.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Lévy-Frébault V, Rafidinarivo E, Prome J-C, Grandry J, Boisvert H, David HL (1983) Mycobacterium fallax sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 33:336–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Padgitt PJ, Moshier SE (1987) Mycobacterium poriferae sp. nov., a scotochromogenic, rapidly growing species isolated from a marine sponge. Int J System Bacteriol 37:186–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Tsukamura M, Yano I, Imaeda T (1986) Mycobacterium moriokaense sp. nov., a rapidly growing, nonphotochromogenic Mycobacterium. Int J System Bacteriol 36:333–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Valero-Guillén PL, Martin-Luengo F, Larsson L, Jiménez J, Juhlin I, Portaels F (1988) Fatty and mycolic acids of Mycobacterium malmoense. J Clin Microbiol 26:153–154.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Yassin AF, Binder C, Schaal KP (1993) Identification of mycobacterial isolates by thin-layer and capillary gas-chromatography under diagnostic routine conditions. Zentbl Bakteriol 278:34–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Ratledge C (1982) Nutrition, growth and metabolism. In: Ratledge C, Stanford JL, eds. The Biology of the Mycobacteria, Volume 1. Physiology, Identification and Classification, pp. 185–271. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Hall RM, Ratledge C (1984) Mycobactins as chemotaxonomic characters for rapidly growing mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 130:1883–1892.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Wayne LG, Sramek HA (1992) Agents of newly recognised or infrequently encountered mycobacterial diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 5:1–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Falkinham JO, lu (1996) Epidemiology of infection by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 9:177–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Gordon RE, Smith MM (1953) Rapidly-growing acid-fast bacteria. I. Species descriptions of Mycobacterium phlei Lehmann and Neumann and Mycobacterium smegmatis (Trevisan) Lehmann and Neumann. J Bacteriol 66:41–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Gordon RE, Smith MM (1955) Rapidly-growing acid-fast bacteria. II. Species descriptions of Mycobacterium fortuitum Cruz. J Bacteriol 69:502–507.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Gordon RE, Mimh JM (1959) A comparison of species of mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 21:736–748.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Bojalil LF, Cérbon J, Trujillo A (1962) Adansonian classification of mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 28:333–346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Wayne LG (1964) The mycobacterial mystique: Deterrent to taxonomy. Am Rev Respir Dis 90:255–257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Wayne LG (1967) Selection of characters for an Adansonian analysis of mycobacterial taxonomy. J Bacteriol 93:1382–1391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Wayne LG (1981) Numerical taxonomy and co-operative studies: Roles and limits. Rev Infect Dis 3:822–828.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Wayne LG (1984) Mycobacterial speciation. In: Kubica GP, Wayne LG, eds. The Mycobacteria: A Sourcebook, pp. 25–65. New York: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Wayne LG (1985) Computer-assisted analysis of data from co-operative studies on mycobacteria. In: Goodfellow M, Jones D, Priest FG, eds. Computer-Assisted Bacterial Systematics, pp. 91–105. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Wayne LG, Engbaek HC, Engel HWB, Froman S, Gross W, Hawkins J, Käppier W, Karlson AG, Kleeberg HH, Krasnow I, Kubica GP, McDurmont C, Nel EE, Pattyn SR, Schröder KH, Showalter S, Tárnok I, Tsukamura M, Vergmann B, Wolinsky E (1974) Highly reproducible techniques for use in systematic bacteriology in the genus Mycobacterium: Tests for pigment, urease, resistance to sodium chloride, hydrolysis of Tween 80 and β-galactosidase. Int J System Bacteriol 24:412–419.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Wayne LG, Engel HWB, Grassi C, Gross W, Hawkins J, Jenkins PA, Käppier W, Kleeberg HH, Krasnow I, Nel EE, Pattyn SR, Richards PA, Showalter S, Slosárek M, Szabo I, Tárnok I, Tsukamura M, Vergmann B, Wolinsky E (1976) Highly reproducible techniques for use in systematic bacteriology in the genus Mycobacterium: Tests for niacin and catalase and for resistance to isoniazid, thiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide, hydroxylamine and p-nitrobenzoate. Int J System Bacteriol 26:311–318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Wayne LG, Krichevsky EJ, Love LI, Johnson R, Krichevsky MI (1980) Taxonomic probability matrix for use with slowly growing mycobacteria. Int J System Bacteriol 30:528–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Wayne LG, Krichevsky MI, Portyrata D, Jackson CK (1984) Diagnostic probability matrix for the identification of slowly growing mycobacteria in clinical laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 20:722–729.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Goodfellow M, Manfio GP, Chun J (1996) Towards a practical species concept for cultivable bacteria. In: Claridge MF, Dawah HA, Wilson MR, eds. Species: The Units of Biodiversity, pp. 25–59. Oxford: Chapman & Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Stackebrandt, E., and M. Goodfellow, eds. 1991. Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG (1993) Roots of bacterial systematics. In: Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG, eds. Handbook of New Bacterial Systematics, pp. 3–54. London Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG (1994) Chemosystematics: Current state and future prospects. In: Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG, eds. Chemical Methods in Procaryotic Systematics, pp. 1–20. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Ravin AW (1960) The origin of bacterial species: Genetic recombination and factors limiting it between bacterial populations. Bacteriol Rev 24:201–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Ravin AW (1963) Experimental approaches to the study of bacterial phytogeny. Am Naturalist 97:307–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Colwell RR (1970) Polyphasic taxonomy of bacteria. In: Iizuka H, Hasegawa T, eds. Culture Collections of Microorganisms, pp. 421–436. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Wayne LG, Brenner DJ, Colwell RR, Grimont PAD, Kandier P, Krichevsky MI, Moore LH, Moore WEC, Murray RGE, Stackebrandt E, Starr MP, Trüper HG (1987) Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J System Bacteriol 37:463–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Britten RJ, Kohne DE (1968) Repeated sequences in DNA. Science 161:529–540.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Stackebrandt E, Goebel BM (1994) Taxonomic note; A place for DNA:DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int J System Bacteriol 44:846–849.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Kusunoki S, Ezaki T (1992) Proposal of Mycobacterium peregrinum sp. nov., nom. rev., and elevation of Mycobacterium abscessus (Kubica et al.) to species status: Mycobacterium abscessus comb. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 42:240–245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Chester FD (1901) A Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. New York: The Macmillan Co.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  141. Bergey DH, Harrison FC, Breed RS, Hammer BW, Huntoon FM, eds. (1923) Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1st ed. Baltimore, MD: The Williams and Wilkins Co.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Hurley SS, Splitter GA, Welch RA (1988) Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and other members of the family Mycobacteriaceae. Int J System Bacteriol 38:143–146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Saxegaard F, Baess I, Jantzen E (1988) Characterisation of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by DNA: DNA hybridisation and cellular fatty acid analysis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 96:497–502.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Yoshimura HH, Graham DY, Estes MK, Merkel RS (1987) Investigation of association of mycobacteria with inflammatory bowel disease by nucleic acid hybridisation. Clin Microbiol 25:45–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Springer B, Böttger E, Kirschner P, Wallace RJ Jr (1995) Phytogeny of the Mycobacterium chelonae-like organisms based on partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and the proposal of Mycobacterium mucogenicum sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 45:262–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Wayne LG (1985) The “atypical” mycobacteria; recognition and disease association. Crit Rev Microbiol 12:185–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Salfinger M, Pfyffer GE (1994) The new diagnostic mycobacteriology laboratory. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 13:961–979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Drake TA, Hindier JA, Berlin OGW, Bruckner DA (1987) Rapid identification of Mycobacterium avium complex in culture using DNA probes. J Clin Microbiol 25:1442–1445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Musial CE, Tice LS, Stockman L, Roberts GD (1988) Identification of mycobacteria from culture by using Gen-Probe Rapid Diagnostic System for Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. J Clin Microbiol 26:2120–2123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Saito H, Tomioka H, Sato K, Tasaka H, Dawson DJ (1990) Identification of various serovar strains of Mycobacterium avium complex by using DNA probes specific for Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. J Clin Microbiol 28:1694–1697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Tasaka H, Kiyotani K, Matsuo Y (1983) Purification and antigenic specificity of alpha protein (Yoneda and Fukui) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium intracellulare. Hiroshima J Med Sci 32:1–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Tasaka H, Nomura T, Matsuo Y (1985) Specificity and distribution of alpha antigens of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Mycobacterium scrofidaceum, and related species of mycobacteria. Am Rev Respir Dis 132:173–174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Wayne LG, Diaz GA (1987) Intrinsic catalase dot blot immunoassay for identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, and Mycobacterium intracellulare. J Clin Microbiol 25:1687–1690.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Luquin M, Ausina V, Lόpez Calahorra F, Belda F, Garcia Barcelo M, Celma C, Prats G (1991) Evaluation of practical Chromatographic procedures for identification of clinical isolates of mycobacteria. J Clin Microbiol 29:120–130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Butler WR, Thibert L, Kilburn JO (1992) Identification of Mycobacterium avium complex strains and some similar species by high performance liquid chromatography. J Clin Microbiol 30:2698–2704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Murray RGE, Brenner DJ, Colwell RR, de Vos P, Goodfellow M, Grimont PAD, Pfennig, NP, Stackebrandt E, and Zavarzin GA (1990) Report of the ad hoc committee on approaches to taxonomy within the Proteobacteria. International J System Bacteriol 40:213–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Castets, M, Rist N, Boisvert H (1969) La variété africaine du bacille tuberculeux humain. Méd Afrique Noire 16:321–322.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Karlsen AG, Lessel EF (1970) Mycobacterium bovis nom. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 20:273–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. Aronson JD (1926) Spontaneous tuberculosis in salt water fish. J Infect Dis 39:315–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Breed RS, Murray EGD, Smith NR, eds. (1957) Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 7th ed. Baltimore, MD: The Williams and Wilkins Co.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Fenner F (1950) The significance of the incubation period in infectious diseases. Med J Australia 2:813–818.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Grange JM (1981) Koch’s tubercle bacillus—a century reappraisal. Zentralblatt Bakteriol Originale A251:297–307.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Calmette A, Guérin C (1908) Sur quelques propriétés du bacille tuberculeux culture sur la bile. C R Acad Séances 147:1456–1459.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Minnikin DE, Minnikin SM, Dobson G, Goodfellow M, Portaels F, Van Den Breen L, Sesardic D (1983) Mycolic acid patterns of four vaccine strains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. J Gen Microbiol 129:889–891.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Sisson PR, Freeman R, Magee JG, Lightfoot NF (1991) Differentiation between mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Tubercle 72:206–209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. David HL, Jahan M-T, Jumin A, Grandry J, Lehman EH (1978) Numerical taxonomy analysis of Mycobacterium africanum. Int J System Bacteriol 28:467–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. Wells AQ (1937) Tuberculosis in wild voles. Lancet 232:1221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. Smith N (1960) The “Dassie” bacillus. Tubercle 41:203–212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Magnusson M (1980) Classification and identification of mycobacteria on the basis of sensitin specificity. In: Meissner G, Scheidel A, Nelles A, Pfaffenberg R, eds. Mykobakterien und mykobakterielle Krankheiten. Teil 1. Systematik det Mykobakterien, pp. 319–348. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Wayne LG, Diaz G A (1979) Reciprocal immunologic distances of catalase derived from Mycobacterium avium, M. tuberculosis and closely related species. Int J System Bacteriol 29:19–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. Baess I (1979) Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness among species of slowly-growing mycobacteria. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B87:221–226.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Magnusson M (1967) Identification of species of Mycobacterium on the basis of the specificity of the delayed type reaction in guinea pigs. Zeitsch Tuberkulose Erkrankungen Thoraxorgane 127:55–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Wayne LG, Diaz GA (1982) Serological, taxonomic and kinetic studies of the T and M classes of mycobacterial catalase. Int J System Bacteriol 32:296–304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Thorel M-F, Krichevsky M, Lévy-Frébault VV (1990) Numerical taxonomy of mycobactin dependent mycobacteria, emended description of Mycobacterium avium, and description of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium subsp. nov., Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 40:254–260.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Cuttino JT, McCabe AM (1949) Pure granulomatous nocardiosis, a new fungus disease distinguished by intracellular parasitism. Am J Clin Pathol 25:1–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Runyon EH (1959) Anonymous mycobacteria in pulmonary disease. Med Clin North Am 43:273–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Marchaux E, Sorel F (1912) Recherches sur la leprae. Ann Institut Pasteur 26:675–700.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Gross WM, Wayne LG (1970) Nucleic acid homology in the genus Mycobacterium. J Bacteriol 104:630–634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Hawkins JE (1977) Scotochromogenic mycobacteria which appear intermediate between M. avium/intracellulare and M. scrofulaceum. Am Rev Respir Dis 116:963–964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Wayne LG, Diaz GA (1988) Detection of a novel catalase in extracts of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. Infect Immun 56:936–941.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Wayne LG, Diaz GA (1986) A double staining method for differentiation between two classes of mycobacterial catalase in polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels. Anal Biochem 157:89–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Baess I (1983) Deoxyribonucleic acid relationships between different serovars of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B91:201–203.

    Google Scholar 

  183. McFadden JJ, Butcher PD, Thompson J, Chiodini R, Hermon-Taylor J (1987) The use of DNA probes identifying restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms to examine the Mycobacterium avium complex. Molec Microbiol 1:283–291.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Whipple DL, LeFebre B, Andrews RE, Thiermann AB (1987) Isolation and analysis of restriction endonuclease digestive patterns of chromosomal DNA from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and from other Mycobacterium species. J Clin Microbiol 25:1511–1515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Crawford JT, Bates JH (1986) Analysis of plasmids in M. avium-intracellulare isolates from persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:659–661.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Meissner PS, Falkinham JO (1986) Plasmid DNA profiles of epidemiologic markers for clinical and environmental isolates of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. J Infect Dis 153:325–331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Brennan PJ, Mayer H, Aspinall GO, Nam Shin JE (1981) Structures of the glycopeptidolipid antigens from serovars in the Mycobacterium avium/ Mycobacterium intracellulare/Mycobacterium scrofulaceum serocomplex. Eur J Biochem 115:7–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Wayne LG, Good RC, Tsang A, Butler R, Dawson D, Groothuis D, Gross W, Hawkins J, Kilburn J, Kubin M, Schröder KH, Silcox VA, Smith C, Thorel MF, Woodley C, Yakrus MA (1993) Serovar determination and molecular taxonomic correlation in Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum: A cooperative study of the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J System Bacteriol 43:482–489.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Wards BJ, Collins DM, DeLisle GW (1987) Restriction endonuclease analysis of members of the Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum serocomplex. J Clin Microbiol 25:2309–2313.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Johne HA, Frothingham L (1895) Ein eigenthümlicher fall von Tuberculose beim Rind. Deutsche Zeitschr Tiermedizine 21:438–454.

    Google Scholar 

  191. McFadden JJ, Collins J, Beaman B, Arthur M, Gitnick G (1992) Mycobacteria in Crohn’s disease: DNA probes identify the wood pigeon strains of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from human tissue. J Clin Microbiol 30:3070–3073.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Green EP, Tizard MLV, Moss MT, Thomson J, Winterbourne DW, McFadden JJ, Hermon-Taylor J (1989) Sequence and characteristics of IS900, an insertion element identified in a human Crohn’s disease isolate of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Nucl Acids Res 17:9063–9073.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Weiszfeiler G, Karasseva V, Karzag E (1971) A new Mycobacterium species: Mycobacterium asiaticum n. sp. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung 18:247–252.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Karasseva V, Weiszfeiler J, Krasznay E (1965) Occurrence of atypical mycobacteria in Macacus rhesus. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung 12:275–282.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Baess I, Magnusson M (1982) Classification of Mycobacterium simiae by means of comparative reciprocal intra-dermal sensitin testing on guinea pigs and deoxyribonucleic acid hybridisation. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 90:101–107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Wayne LG, Diaz GA (1985) Identification of mycobacteria by specific precipitation of catalase with absorbed sera. J Clin Microbiol 21:721–725.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Wayne LG (1966) Classification and identification of mycobacteria. III. Species within group III. Am Rev Respir Dis 93:919–928.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Hauduroy P (1955) Derniers Aspects du Monde des Mycobacteries. Paris: Masson et Cie.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Magnusson M (1971) A comparative study of Mycobacterium gastri and Mycobacterium kansasii by delayed type skin reactions in guinea pigs. Am Rev Respir Dis 104:377–384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Huang ZH, Ross BC, Dwyer R (1991) Identification of Mycobacterium kansasii by DNA hybridisation. J Clin Microbiol 29:2125–2129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Ross BC, Jackson K, Yang M, Sievers A, Dwyer B. Identification of a genetically distinct subspecies of Mycobacterium kansasii. J Clin Microbiol 30:2930–2933.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Ross BC, Raios K, Jackson K, Dwyer B (1992) Molecular cloning of a highly repeated DNA element from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and it’s use as an epidemiological tool. J Clin Microbiol 30:942–946.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Anz W, Schröder KH (1970) Photochromogene Stämme von Mycobacterium gastri Zentralblatt Bakteriol A214:553–554.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Norlin M, Lind A, Ouchterlony Ö (1969) A serologically based taxonomic study of Mycobacterium gastri. Zeitschr Immunitatsforsch Allergie Klinische Immunol 137:241–248.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Tsukamura M (1965) A group of mycobacteria from soil sources resembling nonphotochromogens (group III), a description of Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum. Med Biol 71:110–113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Imaeda T, Broslawski G, Imaeda S (1988) Genomic relatedness among mycobacterial species by nonisotopic blot hybridisation. Int J System Bacteriol 38:151–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  207. Valdivia Alvarez JA, Ferra Salazar C, Echemendia Font M, Dumas Valdivisieso S (1975) Estudio de 16 cepas de microbacterias cromogenicas y de crecimiento rapido Rev Cubana Med Trop 27:213–233.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Meissner G, Schröder KH (1975) Relationship between Mycobacterium simiae and Mycobacterium habana. Am Rev Respir Dis 111:196–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Thorel MF (1976) Utilisation d’une methode d’immunoelectrophorese bidimensionalle dans 1-etude des antigenes de Mycobacterium simiae et Mycobacterium habana. Ann Institut Pasteur Microbiol 127B:41–55.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Weiszfeiler JG, Karczag E (1976) Synonymy of Mycobacterium simiae Karasseva et al. 1965 and Mycobacterium habana Valdivia et al. 1971. Int J System Bacteriol 26:474–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  211. Coyle MB, Carlson LDC, Wallis CK, Leonard RB, Raisys VA, Kilburn JO, Sanadpour M, Böttger EC (1992) Laboratory aspects of “Mycobacterium genavense”, a proposed species isolated from AIDS patients. J Clin Microbiol 30:3206–3212.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Schröder KH, Juhlin I (1977) Mycobacterium malmoense sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 27:241–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  213. Marks J, Jenkins PA, Tsukamura M (1972) Mycobacterium szulgai—A new pathogen. Tubercle 53:210–214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Sompolinsky D, Lagziel A, Naveh D, Yankilevitz T (1978) Mycobacterium haemophilum sp. nov., a new pathogen of humans. Int J System Bacteriol 28:67–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  215. Sompolinsky D, Lagziel A, Rosenberg I (1979) Further studies of a new pathogenic mycobacterium (M. haemophilum sp. nov.). Can J Microbiol 25:217–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Dawson DJ, Jennis F (1980) Mycobacteria with a growth requirement for ferric ammonium citrate, identified as Mycobacterium haemophilum. J Clin Microbiol 11:190–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Damato JJ, Collins MT (1984) Radiometric studies with gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography for rapid demonstration of haem dependence and characterisation of Mycobacterium haemophilum. J Clin Microbiol 20:515–518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Portaels F, Dawson DJ, Larsson L, Rigouts L (1993) Biochemical properties and fatty acid composition of Mycobacterium haemophilum: Study of 16 isolates from Australian patients. J Clin Microbiol 31:26–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Besra GS, Minnikin DE, Rigouts L, Portaels F, Ridell M (1990) A characteristic phenolic glycolipid antigen from Mycobacterium haemophilum. Lett Appl Microbiol 11:202–204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Kauppinen J, Pelkonen J, Katila M-L (1994) RFLP analysis of Mycobacterium malmoense strains using ribosomal RNA gene probes: An additional tool to examine intraspecies variation. J Microbiol Methods 19:261–267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Springer B, Tortoli E, Richter I, Grünewald R, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Uschmann K, Suter F, Collins MD, Kroppenstedt R, Böttger EC (1995) Mycobacterium conspicuum sp. nov., a new species isolated from patients with disseminated infections. J Clin Microbiol 33:2805–2811.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Castelnuovo G, Morellini M (1962) Gli antigeni di alcuni dei cosidetti “Micobatten atipici” O “anonimi”. Ann Institute Carlo Forlanini 22:1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Schaefer WB (1965) Serologic identification and classification of atypical mycobacteria by their agglutination. Am Rev Respir Dis 92(Suppl):85–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Schaefer WB (1968) Incidence of the serotypes of Mycobacterium avium and atypical mycobacteria in human and animal diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 97:18–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Jenkins PA, Marks J, Schaefer WB (1972) Thin layer chromatography of mycobacterial lipids as an aid to classification. The scotochromogenic mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. aquae, M. gordonae and M. flavescens. Tubercle 53:118–127.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Brennan PJ (1981) Structures of the typing antigens of atypical mycobacteria: A brief review of present knowledge. Rev Infect Dis 3:905–913.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Goslee S, Rynearson JK, Wolinsky E (1976) Additional serotypes of M. scmfulaceum, M. gordonae, M. marinum and M. xenopi determined by agglutination. Int J System Bacteriol 26:136–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  228. Prissick FA, Masson AM (1956) Cervical lymphadenitis in children caused by chromogenic mycobacteria. J Can Med Assoc 75:798–803.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Judicial Commission (1978) Opinion 53. Rejection of the species name Mycobacterium marianum Penso 1953. Int J System Bacteriol 28:334.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Tsukamura M (1982) Mycobacterium shimoidei sp. nov., nom. rev., a lung pathogen. Int J System Bacteriol 32:67–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  231. Schwabacher H (1959) A strain of mycobacterium isolated from skin lesions of a cold blooded animal, Xenopus laevis, and it’s relation to atypical acid fast bacilli occurring in man. J Hyg Cambridge 57:57–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Hansen GA (1874) Unders0gelser angående spedalskhedens årsager. Norsk Magazin Laegevidenskaben (Oslo, Norge) 3:88, LIU.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Shepard CC (1960) The experimental disease that follows the injection of human leprosy bacilli into foot-pads of mice. J Exp Med 112:445–454.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Kirchheimer WF, Storrs EE (1971) Attempts to establish the armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus Linn.) as a model for the study of leprosy. (1). Report of lepromatoid leprosy in an experimentally infected armadillo. Int J Leprosy 39:693–702.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Portaels F, Francken A, Pattyn SR (1982) Bacteriological studies of armadillo livers infected with Mycobacterium leprae. Ann Soc Belge méd trop 62:233–245.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Portaels F, De Ridder K, Pattyn SR (1985) Cultivable mycobacteria isolated from organs of armadillos uninoculated and inoculated with Mycobacterium leprae. Ann Inst Pasteur/Microbiol 136A:181–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Portaels F, Asselineau C, Baess I, Daffé M, Dobson G, Draper P, Gregory D, Hall RM, Imaeda T, Jenkins PA, Lanéelle MA, Larsson L, Magnusson M, Minnikin DE, Pattyn SR, Wieten G, Wheeler PR (1986) A comparative taxonomic study of mycobacteria isolated from armadillos with Mycobacterium leprae. J Gen Microbiol 132:2693–2707.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. De Kesel M, Coene M, Portaels F, Cocito C (1987) Analysis of deoxyribonucleic acids from armadillo-derived mycobacteria. Int J System Bacteriol 37:317–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  239. Wallace RJ Jr (1994) Recent changes in taxonomy and disease manifestations of the rapidly growing mycobacteria. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 13:953–960.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Tsukamura M, Nemoto H, Yugi H (1983) Mycobacterium porcinum sp. nov., a porcine pathogen. Int J System Bacteriol 33:162–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  241. Gordon RE (1937) The classification of acid-fast bacteria. J Bacteriol 34:617–630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Gordon RE, Hagan WA (1938) The classification of acid-fast bacteria. J Bacteriol 36:39–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Lind A, Ridell M (1984) Mycobacterial species: Immunological classification. In: Kubica GP, Wayne LG, eds. The Mycobacteria: A Sourcebook, Part A, pp. 67–82. New York: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Ridell M, Baker R, Lind A, Ouchterlony Ö (1979) Immunodiffusion studies of ribosomes in classification of mycobacteria and related taxa. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 59:162–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Takeya K, Tokiwa H (1972) Mycobacteriocin classification of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Int J System Bacteriol 22:178–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  246. Baess I, Bentzon W (1969) Rapidly growing mycobacteria. Susceptibility to bacteriophages, reactions in the amidase test, production of acids from carbohydrates and growth at various temperatures. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B75:331–347.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Butler WR, Jost KC Jr, Kilburn JO (1991) Identification of mycobacteria by high-performance liquid chromatography 29:2468–2472.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Yassin AF, Brzezinka H, Schaal KP (1993) Cellular fatty acid methyl ester profiles as a trial in the differentiation of members of the genus Mycobacterium. Zentralblatt Bakteriol 279:316–329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Lévy-Frébault F, Grimont F, Grimont PAD, David HL (1986) Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness study of the Mycobacterium fortuitum-Mycobacterium chelonae complex. Int J System Bacteriol 36:458–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  250. Domenech P, Menendez MC, Garcia MJ (1994) Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 16S rRNA genes in the differentiation of fast-growing mycobacterial species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 116:19–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Springer B, Böttger EC, Kirschner P, Wallace RJ Jr (1995) Phytogeny of Mycobacterium chelonae-like organism based on partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and proposal of Mycobacterium mucogenicum sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 45:262–267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Moore M, Frerichs B (1953) An unusual acid-fast infection of the knee with subcutaneous, abscess-like lesions of the gluteal region; Report of a case with a study of the organism, Mycobacterium abscessus, n. sp. J Invest Dermatol 20:133–169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Hill LR, Skerman VBD, Sneath PHA (1984) Corrigenda to the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Int J System Bacteriol 34:508–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  254. Redpath F, Seabury JH, Sanders CV, Domer J (1976) Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Mycobacterium chelonae. South Med J 69:1244–1246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  255. Bönicke R, Stottmeier JL (1965) Erkennung und Identifizierung von Stämmen der Species Mycobacterium borstelense. Beitr Klinck Erforsch Tuberkulose Lungenkrankheiten 130:210–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  256. Stanford JL, Beck A (1969) Bacteriological and serological studies of fast growing mycobacteria identified as Mycobacterium friedmannii. J Gen Microbiol 58:99–106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Tsukamura M, Mizuno S, Tsukamura S (1968) Classification of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Japan J Microbiol 12:151–166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Tsukamura M (1970) Differentiation between Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium borstelense. Am Rev Respir Dis 101:426–428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Weiszfeiler JG, Karasseva V, Karczag E (1969) Comparative studies on the taxonomic relationship between Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium borstelense. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung 16:317–379.

    Google Scholar 

  260. Jenkins PA, Marks J, Schaefer WB (1971) Lipid chromatography and seroagglutination in the classification of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Am Rev Respir Dis 103:179–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Silcox VA, Good RC, Floyd MM (1981) Identification of clinically significant Mycobacterium fortuitum complex isolates. J Clin Microbiol 14:686–691.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Baess, I (1982) Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness among species of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Acta Path Microbiol Scand B90:371–375.

    Google Scholar 

  263. Häggblom M, Nohynek LJ, Palleroni NJ, Kronqvist K, Nurmiaho-Lassila E-L, Salkinoja-Salonen MS, Klatte S, Kroppenstedt RM (1994) Transfer of polychlorophenol-degrading Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus (Apajalahti et al. 1986) to the genus Mycobacterium as Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum comb. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 44:485–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  264. Tsukamura M, Mizuno S, Tsukamura S (1981) Numerical analysis of rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium obuense sp. nov., comb, nov., Mycobacterium rhodesiae sp. nov., nom. rev., and Mycobacterium tokaiense sp. nov., nom. rev. Int J System Bacteriol 31:263–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  265. Chamoiseau G (1973) Mycobacterium farcinogenes agent causal du farcin du boeuf en Afrique. Ann Microbiol Inst Pasteur (Paris) 124:215–222.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. da Costa Cruz JC (1938) Mycobacterium fortuitum um novo bacillo acidoresistance pathogenico para o homen. Acta Med Rio de Janiero 1:297–301.

    Google Scholar 

  267. Chamoiseau G (1979) Etiology of farcy in African bovines: Nomenclature of causal organisms Mycobacterium farcinogenes Chamoiseau and Mycobacterium senegalense (Chamoiseau) comb. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 29:407–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  268. Stanford JL, Gunthorpe WJ (1969) Serological and bacteriological investigation of Mycobacterium ranae (fortuitum). J Bacteriol 98:375–383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Runyon EH (1972) Conservation of the specific epithet fortuitum in the name of the organism known as Mycobacterium fortuitum da Costa Cruz—Request for an opinion. Int J System Bacteriol 22:50–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  270. Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (1974) Opinion 51. Conservation of the epithet fortuitum in the combination Mycobacterium fortuitum da Costa Cruz. Int J System Bacteriol 24:552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  271. Haas H, Michel J, Sachs T (1974) Identification of Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium abscessus, and Mycobacterium borstelense by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of their cell proteins. Int J System Bacteriol 24:366–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  272. Nakayama Y (1967) The electrophoretical analysis of esterase and catalase and its use in taxonomical studies of mycobacteria. Japan J Microbiol 11:95–101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Van den Berghe DA, Pattyn SR (1979) Comparison of proteins from Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum and Mycobacterium terrae using flat bed electrophoresis. J Gen Microbiol 111:283–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  274. Tsukamura M, Mizuno S, Tsukamura S, Tsukamura J (1979) Comprehensive numerical classification of 369 strains of Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus and Nocardia. Int J System Bacteriol 29:110–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  275. Castelnuovo G, Guadiano A, Morellini M, Penso G, Rossi C (1960) Gli antigeni der micobatteri. Rend Inst Superiore de Sanita, Roma 23:1222–1233.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Gimpl F, Lanyi M (1965) Use of the gel-precipitation method for determining the type of mycobacteria and the clinical diagnosis. Bull Int Union Tuberculosis 36:22–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Drzins E (1960) Tuberculose das gias (Leptodactylus pentadactylus). Arch Inst Brasil Invest Tuberculose, Bahia 9:23–37.

    Google Scholar 

  278. Penso G, Castelnuovo G, Guadiana A, Prinivalle M, Vella L, Zampiere A (1952) Studi e recerche sui micobatteri. VIII. Un nuovo bacillo tuberculare; il Mycobacterium minettii n. sp.-studio microbiologico e patogenetico. Rend Inst Superiore de Sanita, Roma 15:491–548.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Wallace RJ Jr, Brown BA, Silcox VA, Tsukamura M, Nash DR, Steele LC, Steingrube A, Smith J, Sumter G, Zhang Y, Blacklock Z (1991) Clinical disease, drug susceptibility, and biochemical patterns of the unnamed third biovar complex of Mycobacterium fortuitum. J Infect Dis 163:598–603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Kirschner P, Kiekenbeck M, Meissner D, Wolters J, Böttger EC (1992) Genotypic heterogeneity within Mycobacterium fortuitum complex species: Genotypic criteria for identification. J Clin Microbiol 30:2772–2775.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Wallace RJ Jr, Swenson JM, Silcox VA, Good RC, Tschen JA, Stone MS (1983) Spectrum of disease due to rapidly growing mycobacteria. Rev Infect Dis 5:657–679.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Wolinsky E (1979) Non-tuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 119:107–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Ingram CW, Tanner DC, Durack DT, Kernodie GW Jr, Corey GR (1993) Disseminated infection with rapidly growing mycobacteria. Clin Infect Dis 16:463–471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Wallace RJ Jr (1994) Recent changes in taxonomy and disease manifestations of the rapidly growing mycobacteria. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 13:953–960.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Wallace RJ Jr, Musser JM, Hull SI, Silcox VA, Steele LC, Forester GD, Labidi A, Seiander RK (1989) Diversity and sources of rapidly growing mycobacteria associated with infections following cardiac surgery. J Infect Dis 159:708–716.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Wallace RJ Jr, Steele LC, Labidi A, Silcox VA (1989) Heterogeneity among isolates of rapidly growing mycobacteria responsible for infections following augmentation mammoplasty despite case clustering in Texas and other southern coastal states. J Infect Dis 160:281–288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Wallace RJ Jr, O’Brien R, Glassroth J, Raleigh J, Dutt A (1990) Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Am Rev Respir Dis 142:940–953.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Wallace RJ Jr, Hull SL, Bobey DG, Price KE, Swensen JH, Steele LC, Christensen L (1985) Mutational resistance as the mechanism of acquired drug resistance to aminoglycosides and antibacterial agents in Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei. Am Rev Respir Dis 132:409–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Pattyn SR, Magnusson M, Stanford JL, Grange JM (1974) A study of Mycobacterium fortuitum (ranae). J Med Microbiol 7:67–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Minnikin DE, Minnikin SM, Hutchinson IG, Goodfellow M, Grange JM (1984) Mycolic acid pattern of Mycobacterium fortuitum, “Mycobacterium peregrinum”, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Gen Microbiol 130:363–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Tsang AY, Barr VL, McClatchy JK, Goldberg M, Drupa I, Brennan PJ (1984) Antigenic relationship of the Mycobacterium fortuitum-M. chelonae complex. Int J System Bacteriol 34:35–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Asselineau J, Lanéelle MA, Chamoiseau G (1969) De l’etiologie du farcin de zebus tchadiens: Nocardiose ou mycobactériose? II. Composition lipidique. Rev Elevage Méd Véterin Pays Trop 22:205–209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Chamoiseau G (1969) De l’etiologie du farcin de zebus tchadiens. Nocardiose ou mycobactériose? I. Étude bacteriologique et biochemique. Rev Elevage Méd Véterin Pays Trop 22:195–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. El-Sanousi SM, Tag El-Din MH, Abdel Wahab SM (1977) Classification of bovine farcy organism. Trop Animal Health Product 9:124.

    Google Scholar 

  295. Lanélle G, Asselineau J, Chamoiseau G (1971) Présence de mycosides C′ (formes simplifié de mycoside C) dans les bactéries isolées de bovins atteint du farcin. FEBS Lett 19:109–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  296. Baess I, Weiss Bentzon M (1978) Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridisation between different species of mycobacteria. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B86:71–76.

    Google Scholar 

  297. Ridell M, Goodfellow M, Minnikin DE, Minnikin SM, Hutchinson IG (1982) Classification of Mycobacterium farcinogenes and Mycobacterium senegalense by immunodiffusion and thin-layer chromatography of long-chain components. J Gen Microbiol 128:1299–1307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Hall R, Ratledge C (1985) Equivalence of mycobactins from Mycobacterium senegalense, Mycobacterium farcinogenes and Mycobacterium fortuitum. J Gen Microbiol 131:1691–1696.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Hamid ME, Minnikin DE, Goodfellow M, Ridell M (1993) Thin layer Chromatographic analysis of glycolipids and mycolic acids from Mycobacterium farcinogenes, Mycobacterium senegalense and related taxa. Zentralblatt Bakteriol 279:354–367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Besra GS, Gurcha SS, Khoo K-H, Morris HR, Dell A, Hamid ME, Minnikin DE, Brennan PJ (1994) Characterisation of the specific antigenicity of representatives of M. senegalense and related bacteria. Zentralblatt Bakteriol 281:415–432.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Ridell M, Goodfellow M (1983) Numerical classification of Mycobacterium farcinogenes, Mycobacterium senegalense and related taxa. J Gen Microbiol 129:599–611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Ridell M (1981) Immunodiffusion analysis of Mycobacterium farcinogenes, Mycobacterium senegalense and some other mycobacteria. Zentbl Bakteriol ParasitenKde Abt I Suppl 11:235–241.

    Google Scholar 

  303. Ridell M (1983) Immunodiffusion analysis of Mycobacterium farcinogenes, Mycobacterium senegalense and some other mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 129:613–619.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Tsukamura M, van der Meulen HJ, Grabow WOK (1983) Numerical taxonomy of rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium parafortuitum complex: Mycobacterium austroafricanum sp. nov. and Mycobacterium diernhoferi sp. nov., nom. rev. Int J System Bacteriol 33:460–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  305. Tsukamura M (1972) A new species of rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria, Mycobacterium neoaurum Tsukamura n. sp. Med Biol 85:229–233.

    Google Scholar 

  306. Tsukamura M, Mizuno S (1977) Numerical analysis of relationships among rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 98:511–517.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Davison MB, McCormack JG, Blacklock ZM, Dawson DJ, Tilse MH, Cummins FB (1988) Bacteremia caused by Mycobacterium neoaurum. J Clin Microbiol 26:762–764.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Bönicke R, Juhasz SE (1965) Mycobacterium diernhoferi nom. sp., eine in der Umgebung des Rindes häufig vorkommende neue Mycobacterium-Species. Zentbl Bakteriol ParasitenKde Abt I Orig 197:292–294.

    Google Scholar 

  309. Stanford JL, Wang JKC (1974) A study of the relationship between Nocardia and Mycobacterium diernhoferi—A typical fast growing Mycobacterium. Br J Exp Pathol 55:291–295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Tsukamura M (1966) Adansonian classification of mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 45:253–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Bönicke R, Juhasz SE (1964) Beschreibung der neuen species Mycobacterium vaccae n. sp. Zentbl Bakteriol ParasitenKde Abt I Orig 197:292–294.

    Google Scholar 

  312. Pattyn SR (1970) Agglutination with rapidly growing (Runyon’s Group IV) mycobacteria. Zentbl Bakteriol ParasitenKde Abt I Orig A 215:99–105.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Tsukamura M (1967) Mycobacterium chitae: A new species. Japan J Microbiol 11:43–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Trevisan V (1889) I Generi e le Specie delle Bacteriacea. Milano: Zanaboni and Gabuzzi.

    Google Scholar 

  315. Alvarez E, Tavel E (1885) Rechérches sur le bacillé de lustgarten. Arch Physiol Normal Pathol 6:303–321.

    Google Scholar 

  316. Lehmann KB, Neumann R (1899) Lehmann’s Medizin Handatlanten. X. Atlas und Grundriss der Bakteriologie und Lehrbuch der speziellen bakteriologischen Diagnostik. 2 Auflage. Munchen, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  317. Lind A (1960) Serological studies of mycobacteria by means of the diffusion-in-gel techniques. IV. The precipitinogenic relationships between different species of mycobacteria with special reference to M. tuberculosis, M. phlei, M. smegmatis and M. avium. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 17:300–322.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Norlin M (1965) Unclassified mycobacteria, a comparison between a serological and biochemical classification method. Bull Int Union Tuberculosis 36:25–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Magnusson M (1962) Specificity of sensitins. III. Further studies in guinea pigs with sensitins of various species of Mycobacterium and Nocardia. Am Rev Respir Dis 86:395–404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Wallace RJ Jr, Nash DR, Tsukamura M, Blacklock ZM, Silcox VA (1988) Human disease due to Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Infect Dis 158:52–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Casai M, Rey Calero J (1974) Mycobacterium gadium sp. nov. a new species of rapidly growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria. Tubercle 55:299–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  322. Stanford JL, Gunthorpe WJ (1971) A study of some fast-growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria including species descriptions of Mycobacterium gilvum (new species) and Mycobacterium duvalii (new species). Br J Exp Pathol 52:627–637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Kazda J, Müller K (1979) Mycobacterium komossense sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 29:361–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  324. Kazda J (1980) Mycobacterium sphagni sp. nov. Int J System Bacteriol 30:77–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Möeller A (1898) Microorganismen, die den Tuberkelbacillen verwandt sind und bei Thieren eine miliare Tuberkelkrankheit verursachen. Deutsche Med Wochenschr 24:376–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  326. Möeller A (1898) Ueber den Tuberkelbacillus verwandte Microorganismen. Therapeut Monalshefte 12:607–613.

    Google Scholar 

  327. Jones WD Jr, Kubica GP (1968) Fluorescent antibody techniques with mycobacteria. III. Investigation of five serologically homogeneous groups of mycobacteria. Zentbl Bakteriol ParasitKde Abt I Orig A207:58–62.

    Google Scholar 

  328. Kubica GP, Silcox VA, Hall E (1973) Numerical taxonomy of selected slow growing mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 74:159–167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Tsukamura M, Mizuno S (1975) Differentiation among mycobacterial species by thin-layer chromatography. Int J System Bacteriol 25:271–280.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. Tsukamura M, Mizuno S, Tsukamura S (1967) Numerical classification of atypical mycobacteria. Japan J Microbiol 11:233–241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. Tsukamura M (1968) Classification of scotochromogenic mycobacteria. Japan J Microbiol 12:63–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. Tsukamura M, Mizuno S (1978) A further study on the method of identification of mycobacteria by thin-layer chromatography after incubation with 35S-methionine. Kekkaku 54:15–27.

    Google Scholar 

  333. Tsukamura M (1972) Mycobacterium agri Tsukamura sp. nov. A relatively thermophilic Mycobacterium. Med Biol Tokyo 85:153–156.

    Google Scholar 

  334. Tsukamura M (1981) Numerical analysis of rapidly growing, nonphotochromogenic mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium agri (Tsukamura 1972) Tsukamura sp. nov., nom. rev. Int J System Bacteriol 31:247–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  335. Tsukamura M, Mizuno S, Toyama H (1983) Mycobacterium pulveris sp. nov., a nonchromogenic Mycobacterium with an intermediate growth rate. Int J System Bacteriol 33:811–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  336. Band JD, Ward JI, Frazer DW, Peterson NJ, Silcox VA, Good RC, Ostroy PR, Kennedy J (1982) Peritonitis due to a Mycobacterium chelonae-like organism associated with intermittent chronic peritoneal dialysis. J Infect Dis 145:9–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. Silcox VA, Good RC, Floyd MM (1981) Identification of clinically significant Mycobacterium fortuitum isolates. J Clin Microbiol 14:686–691.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  338. Duvall CW, Wellman C (1912) A critical study of the organisms cultivated from the lesions of human leprosy, with consideration of their etiological significance. J Infect Dis 11:116–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  339. Tsukamura M (1966) Mycobacterium paraforiuitum: A new species. J Gen Microbiol 42:7–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Canhos VP, Manfio GP, Blaine LD (1993) Software tools and databases for bacterial systematics and their dissemination via global networks. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 64:205–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  341. O’Donnell AG, Embley TM, Goodfellow M (1993) Future of bacterial systematics. In: Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG, eds. Handbook of New Bacterial Systematics, pp. 513–524. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Michael Goodfellow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John G. Magee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois

    Pattisapu R. J. Gangadharam PH.D. (Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, and Pathology Director of Mycobacteriology Research) (Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, and Pathology Director of Mycobacteriology Research)

  2. Public Health Laboratory Service, University Hospital of Wales, UK

    P. Anthony Jenkins PH.D. (formerly Director) (formerly Director)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Goodfellow, M., Magee, J.G. (1998). Taxonomy of Mycobacteria. In: Gangadharam, P.R.J., Jenkins, P.A. (eds) Mycobacteria. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5987-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5987-0_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7743-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5987-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation