Skip to main content

Serotonin, Alzheimer’s Disease and Learning and Memory in Animals

  • Chapter
Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most tragic and devastating neurologic disorder of the elderly, characterized by personality deterioration and a variety of cognitive disabilities highlighted by memory loss. The earliest symptom of the disease — an inability to remember recent events — eventually advances to a vegetative state in which the victim may be totally unresponsive, incontinent, incapable of self-care and bedfast. The memory deficit progresses to where even friends and family members become unrecognizable. The progression of the disease is highly idiosyncratic, it may take years or only months before it reaches its final stages. Death then follows.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adolfsson, R., Gottfries, C.G., Roos, B.E. and Winblad, B., 1979, Changes in the brain catecholamines in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type, British Journal of Psychiatry, 135: 216–223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aghajanian, G.K. and Wang, R.Y., 1978, Physiology’and pharmacology of central serotonergic neurons, in: “Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress,” M.A. Lipton, A. DiMascio and K.F. Killam, eds., Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altman, H.J., Crosland, R.D., Jenden, D.J. and Berman, R.F., 1985, Further characterization of the nature of the behavioral and neurochemical effects of lesions to the nucleus basalis of Meynert in the rat, Neurobiology of Aging, 6: 125–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altman, H.J., Normile, H.J. and Ogren, S.O., 1985, Facilitation of discrimination learning in the rat following cytotoxic lesions of the serotonergic nervous system, Society for Neuroscience, Abstract, 11: 874.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arai, H., Kosaka, K. and Iizuka, R., 1984, Changes of biogenic amines and their metabolites in postmortem brains from patients with Alzheimer-type dementia, Journal of Neurochemistry, 43: 388–393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Argentiero, V. and Tavolato, B., 1980, Dopamine and serotonin metabolite levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s presenile dementia under phospholipids, Journal of Neurology, 224: 53–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asin, K.E., Wirtshafter, D. and Kent, E.W., 1975, Straight alley acquisition and extinction and open field activity following discrete electrolytic lesions of the mesencephalic raphe nuclei, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 25: 242–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asin, K.E., Wirtshafter, D. and Kent, E.W., 1979, Discrimination learning and reversal following electrolytic median raphe lesions, Society for Neuroscience, Abstract 5: 269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asin, K.E. and Fibiger, H.C., 1984, Spontaneous and delayed spatial alternation following damage to specific neuronal elements within the nucleus medianus raphe, Behavioral Brain Research, 13: 241–250.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asin, K.E., Wirtshafter, D. and Fibiger, H.C., 1985, Electrolytic, but not 5,7-dihyidroxytryptamine, lesions of the nucleus medianus raphe impair acquisition of a radial maze task, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 44: 415–424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atack, J.R., Perry, E.K., Bonham, J.R., Perry, R.H., Tomlinson, B.E., Blessed, G. and Fairbairn, A., 1983, Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in senile dementia of Alzheimer type: Selective loss of the intermediate (10S) form, Neuroscience Letters, 40: 199–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azmitia, E.C. and Segal, M., 1978, An autoradiographic analysis of the differential ascending projections of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat, Journal of Comparative Neurology, 179: 641–668.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bammer, G., 1982, Pharmacological investigations of neurotransmitter involvement in passive avoidance responding: A review and some new results, Neuroscience and Biohehavioral Reviews, 6: 247–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baraban, J.M. and Aghajanian, G.K., 1981, Noradrenergic innervation of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe: Demonstration by electron microscopic autoradiography, Brain Research, 204: 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartus, R.T., Dean, R.L., Beer, B. and Lippa, A.S., 1982, The cholinergie hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction, Science, 217: 408–417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beller, S.A., Overall, J.E., and Swann, A.C., 1985, Efficacy of oral physostigmine in primary degenerative dementia, Psychopharmacology, 87: 147–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benton, J.S., Bowen, D.M., Allen, S.J., Haan, E.A., Davison, A.N., Neary, D. Murphy, R.P. and Snowden, J.S., 1982, Alzheimer’s disease as a disorder of the isodendritic core, Lancet, 1: 456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biegon, A., Kargman, S., Snyder, L. and McEwen, B.S., 1986, Characterization and localization of serotonin receptors in human postmortem brain, Brain Research, 363: 91–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorklund, A., Baumgarten, H.G. and Rensch, H.G., 1975, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine: Improvement of its selectivity for serotonin neurons in the CNS by pretreatment with desipramine, Journal. of Neurochemistry. 24: 833–835.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackshear, M.A., Steranka, L.R. and Sanders-Bush, E., 1981, Multiple serotonin receptors: Regional distribution and effect of raphe lesions, European Journal of Pharmacolopg, 76: 325–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blundell, J.E., 1984, Serotonin and appetite, Neuropharmacology, 23: 1537 1551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobillier, P., Petitjean, F., Salvert, D., Ligier, M. and Sequin, S., 1975. Differential projections of the nucleus raphe dorsalis and nucleus raphe centralis as revealed by autoradiography, Brain Research, 85: 205–2104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, D.M., Smith, C.B., White, P. and Davison, A.N., 1976, Neurotransmitter-related enzymes and indices of hypoxia in senile dementia and other abiotrophies, Brain, 99: 459–496.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, D.M., White, PO., Spillane, J.A., Goodhardt, M.J., Curzon, G., Iwangoff, P., Meier-Ruge, W. and Davison, A.N., 1979, Accelerated aging or selective neuronal loss as an important cause of dementia?, Lancet, is 11–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, D.M., Allen, S.J., Benton, J.S., Goodhardt, M.J., Haan, E.A., Palmer, A.M., Sims, N.R., Smith, C.C.T., Spillane, J.A., Esira, G.K., Neary, D., Snowdon, J.S., Wilcock, G.K. and Davison, A.N., 1983, Biochemical assessment of serotonergic and cholinergic dysfunction and cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease, Journal of Neurochemistry, 41: 266–272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briley, M., Chopin, P. and Moret, C., 1986, New concepts in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiology of Aging, 7: 57–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkman, S., Pomara, N., Goodnick, P., Domino, E. and Gerhson, S., 1982, Dose-ranging study of lecithin in the treatment of primary degenerative dementia ( Alzheimer’s disease ), Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2: 281–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, B. and Shore, P., 1957, A concept for a role of serotonin and norepinephrine as chemical mediators in the brain, Annuals of the New York Academy of Science, 66: 631–642.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bulat, M. and Zivcovic, N., 1971, Origin of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the spinal fluid, Science, 173: 738–740.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Candy, J.M., Perry, R.H., Perry, E.K., Irving, D., Blessed, G., Fairbairn, A.F. and Tomlinson, R.L., 1983, Pathological changes in the nucleus of Meynert in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, Journal of Neuroscience, 54: 277–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, A.J., Crow, T.J., Johnson, J.A., Joseph, M.H., Perry, E.K., Perry, R.H., Blessed, C. and Tomlinson, B., 1983, Monoamine metabolism in senile dementia of Alzheimer type, Journal of Neurological Science, 60: 383 392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, A.J., Crow, T.J., Johnson, J.A., Perry, E.K., Perry, R.H., Blessed, G. and Tomlinson, B.E., 1984, Studies on neurotransmitter receptor systems in cortex and hippocampus in senile dementia of the Alzheimer-type, Journal of Neurological Science, 64: 109–117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cross, A.J., Crow, T.J., Ferrier, I.N. and Johnson, J.A., 1986, The selectivity of the reduction of serotonin S2 receptors in Alzheimer-type dementia, Neurobiology of Aging, 7: 3–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, P. and Maloney, A.J.F., 1976, Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer’s disease, Lancet, ii: 1403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K.L., Mohs, R.C., Tinklenberg, J.R., Pfefferbaum, A., Hollister, L.E. and Kopell, B.S., 1978, Physostigmine: Improvement of long-term memory processes in normal humans, Science, 20: 272–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, J.A. and Rocklin, R., 1967, Amnesia induced by scopolamine and its temporal variations, Nature, 216: 89–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drachman, D.A. and Leavitt., J., 1974, Human memory and the cholinergie system: A relationship to aging, Archives of Neurology, 30: 113–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dundee, J.K.W. and Pandit, S.K., 1972, Anterograde amnesic effects of pethidine, hyoscine and diazepam in adults, British Journal of Pharmacology, 44: 140–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Essman, W.B., 1973, Age dependent effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine upon memory consolidation and cerebral protein synthesis, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 1: 7–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Euvard, C., Javoy, F., Herbet, A. and Glowinski, J., 1977, Effect of quipazine, a serotonin-like drug, on striatal cholinergie. interneurons, European Journal of Pharmacology, 41:; 281–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fibiger, H.C., 1982, The organization and some projections of cholinergie neurons of the mammalian forebrain, Brain Research Reviews, 4: 327–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fibiger, H.C., Lepiane, F.G. and Phillips, A.G, 1978, Disruption of memory produced by stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus: Mediation by serotonin, Brain Research, 1.55:; 380–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flicker, C., Dean, R.L., Watkins, D.L., Fischer, S.K. and Bartus, R.T., 1983, Behavioral and neurochemical effects following neurotoxic lesions of a major cholinergic input to the cerebral cortex in the rat, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 18: 973–991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flood, J.F., Smith, G.G. and Cherkin, A., 1983, Memory retention: Potentiation of cholinergic drug combinations in mice, Neurobiology of Aging, 4: 37–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, E., Lerer, B. and Kuster, J., 1983, Loss of cholinergic neurons in rat neocortex produces deficits in passive avoidance learning, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 19: 309–312.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxe, K., Ogren, S.O. Agnati, L.F., Jonsson, G. and Gustafsson, J.A., 1978, 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine as a tool to study the functional role of central 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons, in: “Serotonin Neurotoxins,” J.H. Jacoby and L.D. Lytle, eds., The New York Academy of Sciences, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garelis, E., Young, S.H. and Lal, S., 1974, Monoamine metabolites in lumbar CSF: The question of their origin in relation to clinical studies, Brain Research, 79: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfries, C.G., Cottfries, I. and Roos, B.E., 1969, Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the cerebral spinal fluid of patients with senile dementia, presenile dementia and Parkinsonism, Journal of Neurochemistry, 16: 1341–1345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haigler, H.J. and Aghajanian, G.K., 1974, Lysergic acid diethylamide and serotonin: A comparison of effects on serotonergic neurons and neurons receiving serotonergic input, Journal of Pharmacological and Experimental Therapeutics, 188: 688–699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hano, J., Vetulani, J. Sansone, M. and Olivero, A., 1981, Changes in action of tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants: Desipramine and mianserin, on avoidance behavior in the course of chronic treatment, Psychopharmacology, 73: 265–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hole, K. and Lorens, S.A., 1975, Response to electric shock in rats: Effects of selective midbrain raphe lesions, Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 3: 95–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hole, K., Fuxe, K. and Jonsson, G., 1976, Behavioral effects of 5,7dihydroxytryptamine lesions of ascending 5-hydroxytryptamine pathways, Brain Research, 107: 385–399.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii, I., 1966, Distribution of Alzheimer’s neurofibrillary changes in the brain stem and hypothalamus of senile dementia, Archives of Neuropathology, 6: 181–187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, B.L., Wise, W.D. and Taylor, K.M., 1974, Differential behavioral and neurochemical effects following lesions of the dorsal or median raphe nuclei in rats, Brain Research, 79–353–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, P.A.J., 1981, The pharmacology of specific, pure and potent serotonin 5-HT2 or S2-antagonists, Eight International Congress of Pharmacology, Tokyo ( Japan ), July 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, M.V., McKinney, M. and Coyle, J.T., 1979, Evidence for a cholinergic projection to the neocortex from neurons in basal forebrain, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 76: 5392–5396.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jouvet, M., 1969, Biogenic amines and the states of sleep, Science, 163: 32–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koe, B.K. and Weissman, A., 1966, p-Chlorophenylalanine: A specific depletor of brain serotonin, Journal of Pharmacological and Experimental Therapeutics, 154: 499–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruglikov, R.I., 1982, On the interaction of neurotransmitters in processes of learning and memory. in: “Neuronal Plasticity and Memory Formation,” C.A. Marsan and H. Matthies, eds., Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leysen, J.E., Awouters, F., Kennis,L., Laduron, P.M., Vandenberk, J. and Janssen, P.A.J., 1981, Receptor binding profile of R-41,468, a novel antagonist at 5-HT2 receptors, Life Sciences, 28: 1015–1022.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LoConte, G., Bartolini, L., Casamenti, F., Marconcini-Pepeu, I. and Pepeu, G., 1982, Lesions of cholinergic forebrain nuclei: Changes in avoidance behavior and scopolamine actions, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 17: 933–937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longo, V.G., 1966, Behavioral and electroencephalographic effects of atropine and related compounds, Pharmacological Reviews, 18: 965–966

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorens, S.A., 1978, Some behavioral effects of serotonin depletion depend on method: A comparison of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, p-chlorophenylalanine, p-chloroamphetamine, and electrolytic raphe lesions, in: “Serotonin Neurotoxins, J.H. Jacoby and L.D. Lytle, eds., New York Academy of Sciences, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorens, S.A. and Guldberg, H.C., 1974, Regional 5-hydroxytryptamine following selective midbrain raphe lesions in the rat, Brain research, 78: 45–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorens, S.A. and Yunger, L.M., 1974, Morphine analgesia, two-way avoidance, and consummatory behavior following lesions in the midbrain raphe nuclei in the rat, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 2: 215–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorens, S.A., Guldberg, H.C., Hole, K., Kohler, C. and Srebro, B., 1976, Activity, avoidance learning and regional 5-hydroxytryptamine following intrabrain stem 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and electrolytic midbrain raphe lesions in the rat, Brain Research, 108: 97–113. 4

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, D.M.A. and Yates, P.O., 1983, Serotonin nerve cells in Alzheimer’s disease, Journal of Neurological and Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 46: 96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montanaro, N., Dall’Olio, R. and Gandolfi, 0., 1981, Reduction of ECSinduced retrograde amnesia of passive avoidance conditioning after 5,7dihydroxytryptamine median raphe nucleus lesion in the rat, Neuro-psychobiology, 7: 56–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Normale, H.J. and Altman, H.J., 1985, The effects of serotonergic receptor blockade on learning and memory in mice, Society for Neuroscience, Abstract, 11: 875.

    Google Scholar 

  • Normile, H.J. and Altman, H.J., 1986, Evidence for a possible interaction between noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in the retrieval of a previously learned aversive habit in mice, Psychopharmacology, 92: 388–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ochi, J. and Shimizu, K., 1978, Occurrence of dopamine-containing neurons in the midbrain raphe nuclei of the rat, Neuroscience, 8: 317–320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogren, S.O., Kohler, C., Ross, S.B. and Srebro, B., 1976, 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion and avoidance acquisition in the rat. Antagonism of the long-term effects of p-chloroamphetami.ne with a selective inhibitor or 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake, Neuroscience Letters, 3: 341–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogren, S.O., Fuxe, K., Archer, T., Hall, H., Holm, A.C. and Kohler, C., 1981, Studies on the role of central 5-HT neurons in avoidance learning: A behavioral and biochemical analysis. in: “Serotonin: Current Aspects of Neurochemistry and Function,’ B. Gabay, S. Issidorides, M.R., Alivisatos, S.G.A., eds., Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogren, S.O. and Johansson, C., 1985, Separation of the associative and non-associative effects of brain serotonin released by p-chloroamphetamine: Dissociable serotonergic involvement in avoidance learning, pain and motor function, Psychopharmacology, 86: 12–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogren, S.O., Altman, H.J. and Bartfai, T., 1987, Alaproclate potentiation of muscarinic agonist evoked tremor, salivation and enhanced recall, in: Synaptic Transmitters and Receptors,“ S. Tucek., ed., John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K. (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Hearn, E. and Molliver, M.E., 1984, Organization of raphe-cortical projections in the rat: A quantitative retrograde study, Brain Research Bulletin, 13: 7i09–726.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, A.M., Sims, N.S., Bowen, D.M., Neary, D., Palo, J., Wikstrom, J. and Davison, A.N., 1984, Monoamine metabolite concentrations in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of patients with histology verified Alzheimer’s dementia, Journal of Neurological and Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 47: 481–484.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peroutka, S.J. and Snyder, S.H., 1979, Multiple serotonin receptors: Differential binding of 3H-serotonin, 3H-lysergic acid diethylamide and 3H-spiroperidol, Molecular Pharmacology, 16: 687–699.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peroutka, S.J., Lebovitz, R.M. and Snyder, S.H., 1981, Two distinct central serotonin receptors with different physiologic functions, Science, 212: 827–829.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, E.K., Perry, R.H., Blessed, G. and Tomlinson, B.E., 1977, Necropsy evidence of central cholinergic deficits in senile dementia, Lancet, is 189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, E.K., Tomlinson, B.E., Blessed, G. Bergmann, K., Gibson, P.H. and Perry R.H., 1978, Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plaques and mental test scores in senile dementia, British Medical Journal, 2: 1457–1459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, A., Hess, H.H. and Levin, E, 1965,. Neurochemical pathology of the cerebral cortex in presenile dementias, Transactions of the American Neurological Association, 89: 15–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quirion, R., Richard, J. and Dam, T.V., 1985, Evidence for the existence of serotonin type-2 receptors on cholinergic terminals in rat cortex, Brain Research, 333: 345–349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, G.P., Arnold, L., Rossor, M.N., Iversen, L.L., Mountjoy, C.Q. and Roth, M., 1984, Reduced binding of (3H)ketanserin to cortical 5-HT2 receptors in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, Neuroscience Letters, 44: 47–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, M.H.T., 1984, 5-Hydroxytryptamine and antinociception, Neuro-pharmacology, 23: 1529–1536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samanin, R., Quattrone, A., Prei, G., Ladinski, H. and Consolo, S., 1978, Evidence for an interaction between serotonergic and cholinergic neurons in the corpus striatum and hippocampus of the rat brain, Brain Research, 151: 73–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sitaram, N., Weingartner, H. and Gillin, K.C., 1978, Human serial learning enhancement with arecoline and impairment with scopolamine, Science, 201: 274–276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srebro, B. and Lorens, S.A., 1975, Behavioral effects of selective midbrain raphe lesions in the rat, Brain Research, 89: 303–325.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srebro, B. Jellestad, F. and Lorens, S.A., 1975, Activity, avoidance behavior, and spatial reversal learning after midbrain raphe lesions, Experimental Brain Research, 23: 193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinbusch, H.W.M., 1984, Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons and their projection in the CNS, in: “Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy,” A. Bjorklund, T. Hokfelt and M.J. Kuhar, eds., Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, D.A., Flechter, L.D. and Resnick, 0., 1969, The effects of p-chlorophenylalanine, a depletor of brain serotonin, on behavior: Retardation of passive avoidance learning, Life Science, 8: 379–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summers, W.K., Viesselman, J.0., Marsh, G.M. and Candelora, K., 1981, Use of THA in treatment of Alzheimer-like dementia: Pilot study in twelve patients, Biological Psychiatry, 16: 145–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valzelli, L. and Pawlowski, L., 1979, Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on avoidance learning of two differentially housed mouse strains, Neuro-psychobiology, 5: 121–128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderwolf, C.H. and Baker, G.B., 1986, Evidence that serotonin mediates non-cholinergic neocortical low voltage fast activity, non-cholinergic hippocampal rhythmical slow activity and contributes to intelligent behavior, Brain Research, 374: 342–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volicer, L., Langlais, P.J., Matson, W.R., Mark, K.A. and Gamache, P.H., 1985, Serotonergic system in dementia of the Alzheimer type, Archives of Neurology, 42: 1158–1161.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetzel, W., Getsova, V.M., Jork, R. and Matthies, H., 1980, Effect of serotonin on Y-maze retention and hippocampal protein synthesis in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 12: 319–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse, P.J., Price, D.L., Clark, A.W., Coyle, J.T. and DeLong, M.R., 1981, Alzheimer’s disease: Evidence for a selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis, Annals of Neurology, 10: 122–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winblad, B., Adolfsson, R., Carlsson, A. and Gottfries, C.G., 1982, Biogenic amines in brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. in: “Alzheimer’s Disease: A Report of Progress. Vol. 19, Aging,” S. Corkin, K.L. Davis, J.H. Growdon, E. Usdin and R.J. Wurtman, eds., Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirtshafter, D. and Asin, K.E., 1983, Impaired radial maze performance in rats with electrolytic median raphe lesions, Experimental Neurology, 79: 412–412.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wooley, D.W. and Van der Hoeven, T., 1963, Alteration in learning ability caused by changes in cerebral serotonin and catecholamines, Science, 139: 610–611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, T., Hirano, A., 1985, Nucleus raphe dorsalis in Alzheimer’s disease: Neurofibrillary tangles and loss of large neurons, Annals of Neurology, 17: 573–577.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Normile, H.J., Altman, H.J. (1987). Serotonin, Alzheimer’s Disease and Learning and Memory in Animals. In: Altman, H.J. (eds) Alzheimer’s Disease. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6414-0_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6414-0_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6416-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6414-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics