Abstract
Chemical carcinogens as a world-wide health problem are receiving increasing attention. On the one hand, the contamination of air and water by a variety of industrial and other chemicals of this type is occurring while, on the other hand, more and more direct food-additive and plant-protection chemicals are in increasingly regulated use. Publicity accorded the fact that certain chemical carcinogens occur in tobacco smoke is a well-known example of the interest in this area.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahlmann, J.: Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigaret tar. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 43, 397 (1958); through Chem. Abstr. 52, 20 909 a (1958).
Beckwith, A. L. J., and M. J. Thompson: Free radical phenylation of phenanthrene. J. Chem. Soc. 1961, 73.
Berenblum, I.: 3, 4-Benzopyrene from coal tar. Nature 156, 601 (1945).
Blumer, M.: Benzpyrenes in soil. Science 134, 474 (1961).
Bonnett, J., and S. Neukomm: The chemical composition of tobacco smoke. Helv. chim. Acta 39, 1724 (1954).
Bonnett, J., and S. Neukomm: Results of research on the chemistry of tobacco smoke. Oncologia 10, 124 (1957).
Buu-Hoï, Ng. Ph., and P. Jacquignon: Relation between molecular structure and the formation of complexes with tetrachlorophthalic anhydride. Bull. soc. chim. France 1957, 488; A new chromatographic method for the separation of polycyclic aromatic and heterocyclic compounds. Experientia 13, 75 (1957).
Buzzetti, F., and F. A. Gunther: Behavior of polynuclear hydrocarbons on plant parts. I. Citrus fruits. Manuscript in preparation, 1964.
Cahnmann, H. J.: Partially deactivated silica gel columns in chromatography. Chromatographic behavior of benzo[tf]pyrene. Anal. Chem. 29, 1307 (1957).
Cahnmann, H. J., and M. Kuratsune: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters collected in polluted water. Anal. Chem. 29, 1312 (1957).
Charlet, E. M., K. P. Lanneau, and F. B. Johnson: Analysis of gas oil and cycle stock from catalytic cracking. Anal. Chem. 26, 861 (1954).
Clar, E.: Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe, polycyclische Systeme. P. 97, 2 ed. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1952.
Commins, B. T.: A modified method for the determination of polycyclic hydro-carbons. Analyst 83, 386 (1958 a).
Commins, B. T.: Polycyclic hydrocarbons in rural and urban air. Internat. J. Air pollution 1, 14 (1958 b).
Commins, B. T.: Interim Report on The Study of Techniques For Determination Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Air. In: Analysis of carcinogenic air pollutants. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monograph No. 9, p. 225 (1962).
Commins, B. T, R. L. Cooper, and A. J. Lindsey: Polycyclic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke. Brit J. Cancer 8, 296 (1956).
Conkin, R. A.: Thinlayer chromatography in the determination of pesticide residues. Residue Reviews 6, 136 (1964).
Cooper, R. L., and A. J. Lindsey: Atmospheric pollution by polycyclic hydrocarbons. Chem. and Ind. 1953, 1177; The presence of polynuclear hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke. Chem. and Ind. 1953, 1205.
Cooper, R. L., and A. J. Lindsey: 3, 4-Benzpyrene and other polycyclic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke. Brit. J. Cancer 9, 304 (1955).
Cooper, R. L., and R. E. Waller: The presence of 3, 4-benzpyrene in cigarette smoke. Chem. and Ind. 1954, 1418.
Davies, W., and J. R. Wilmshurst: Carcinogens formed in the heating of foodstuffs. Formation of 3,4-benzpyrene from starch at 370–390° C. Brit. J. Cancer 14, 295 (1960).
Druckery, H., D. Schmaehl, and R. Preussmann: Fluoreszierende Verunreinigungen bei Paraffinum liquidum und organischen Lösungsmitteln. Arzneimittelforsch. 9, 600 (1959).
Dubois, L., A. Corkery, and J. L. Monkman: The chromatography of polycyclic hydrocarbons. Internat. J. Air Pollution 2, 236 (1960).
Dupire, F.: Analysis of coal tar products by high-temperature gas chromatography. In: Analysis of carcinogenic air pollutants. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monograph No. 9, p. 183 (1962).
Dupire, F, Et G. Botquin: L’analyse qualitative et quantitative des huiles lourdes de goudron par Chromatographie gazeuse. Ann. chim. Acta 18, 282 (1958).
Dupire, F, Et F. Grand’ry: La Chromatographie gazeuse et l’industrie du goudron. Goudron pour Routes, p. 5 (March 1959).
Eggertson, F. T., and F. M. Nelson: Gas chromatographic analysis of engine exhaust and atmosphere. Anal. Chem. 30, 1040 (1958).
Falta, W., and K. Hohmann: Evaluating instrument for fluorescence paper chromatograms. Jena Review 2, 97 (1963).
Friedel, R. A.: Correlations in ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Appi. Spectroscopy 2, No. 1 (1956).
Gerarde, H. W., and D. F. Gerarde: The ubiquitous hydrocarbons. Assoc. of Food and Drug Officials of the U. S., Vol. 25 and 26 (1961 and 1962 ).
Gilbert, J. A. S., and A. J. Lindsey: Polycyclic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke. Brit. J. Cancer 10, 646 (1956).
Godlewicz, M.: A new method for the separation of hydrocarbons by selective adsorption. Nature 164, 1132 (1949).
Guddeel, E.: Isolation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from the roots of Chrysanthemum vulgare Bernh. Acta chim. scand. 13, 834 (1959).
Haenni, E. O.: Personal communication 1963.
Haenni, E. O, and M. A. Hall: Tentative ultraviolet absorption limits for mineral oils. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 43, 92 (1960).
Hartwell, J. L.: Survey of compounds which have been tested for carcinogenic activity. 2d Ed. U. S. Dept. of Health, 1951.
Hartwell, J. L., and P. Shubik: Survey of compounds which have been tested for carcinogenic activity. Supplement I. U. S. Dept. of Health, 1951.
Henry, S. A.: Cancer of the scrotum in relation to occupation. London: Oxford Univ. Press 1946.
Hoffmann, D., and E. L. Wynder: Analytical and biological studies on gasoline engine exhaust. In: Analysis of carcinogenic air pollutants. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monograph No. 9, p. 91 (1962).
Hougen, F. W.: Poly cyclic hydrocarbons in human hair wax. Chem. and Ind. 1954, 192.
Howard, J. W., and E. O. Haenni: The extraction and determination of polynuclear hydrocarbons in paraffin waxes. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 46, 933 (1963).
Karrer, W.: Konstitution und Vorkommen der organischen PflanzenstofiFe. Basel: Birkhäuser 1958.
Kern, W.: Über das Vorkommen von Chrysen in Erde. Helv. chim. Acta 30, 1595 (1947).
Klemm, L. H., D. Reed, L. A. Miller, and B. T. Ho: Structure and chromatographic adsorbability of aromatic hydrocarbons on alumina. J. Org. Chem. 24, 1468 (1959).
Koe, B. K., and L. Zechmeister: Isolation of carcinogenic and other poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from barnacles. II. The goose barnacle (Mitella poly- merus). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 41, 396 (1952).
Kuratsune, M.: Benzopyrene content of certain pyrogenic materials. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 16, 1485 (1956).
Kuratsune, M., and W. C. Hueper: Poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in roasted coffee. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 24, 463 (1962).
Latarjet, R., J. L. Cusin, M. Hubert, B. Muel, and R. Royer: The quantitative estimation of 3, 4-benzpyrene in cigarette paper and tobacco. Bull, du Cancer 43, 180 (1956).
Lerosen, A. L., R. T. Moravek, and J. K. Carlton: Streak reagents for chromatography. Anal. Chem. 24, 1335 (1952).
Lettre, H., and A. Jahn: Formation of aromatic hydrocarbons during smoking. Naturwiss. 42, 210 (1955).
Levy, E. J., R. R. Doyle, R. A. Brown, and F. W. Melpolder: Identification of components in paraffin wax by high temperature gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 33, 698 (1961).
Lijinsky, W., A. Chesnut, and C. R. Raha: Fluorescence spectra of 59 poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chicago Med. School Quart. 21, 49 (1960).
Lijinsky, W., I. Domsky, G. Mason, H. Y. Ramahi, and T. Safavi: The chromatographic determination of trace amounts of polynuclear hydrocarbons in petroleum, mineral oil, and coal tar. Anal. Chem. 35,’952 (1963).
Lijinsky, W., C. R. Raha, and J. Keeling: Comparison of procedures for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waxes. Anal. Chem. 33, 810 (1961).
Lyons, M. J., and H. Johnston: Aromatic hydrocarbons from vehicular exhausts. Brit. J. Cancer 11, 554 (1957).
Mallet, L.: Pollution des millieux marins par les hydrocarbures cancérigènes. Bull. acad. nat. med. (Paris) 144, 271 (1960).
Mallet, L.: Discovery of polynuclear hydrocarbons of the type 3, 4-benzopyrene in the fauna and flora of marine environments (English Channel, Atlantic Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea). Compt. rend. 253, 168 (1961).
Meinschein, W.G.: Origin of petroleum. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists 43, 925 (1959).
Monkman, J. L.: Longest wavelength bands in the ultraviolet absorption spectra of monomethylbenzanthracenes. Appl. Spectroscopy 16, 22 (1962).
Monkman, J. L., G. E. Moore, and M. Katz: Analysis of polycyclic hydrocarbons in particulate pollutants. Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 23, 487 (1962).
Moore, G. E., J. L. Monkman, and M. Katz: Some problems concerning analysis of poly cyclic hydrocarbons in particulate pollution samples. In: Analysis of carcinogenic air pollutants. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monograph No. 9, p. 153 (1962).
Nagai, T., and E. Funakubo: Theory and practice of column chromatography. III. Chromatographic behavior of condensed polynuclear hydrocarbons. Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi 64, 643 (1961); through Chem. Abstr. 57, 11882 f (1962).
Nagai, T., and E. Funakubo: The chromatographic behavior of naphthalene derivatives. Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi 64, 893 (1961) [through Chem. Abstr. 57, 4073 e (1962)]; Chromatographic behavior of anthracene derivatives. Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi 64, 1053 (1961) [through Chem. Abstr. 57, 4073 g (1962)]; The effect of a coexistent solute on chromatographic behavior. Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi 64, 1432 (1961) [through Chem. Abstr. 57, 4073 i (1962)]; The behavior of a chromatographic zone in mixed solvents. Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi 64, 1609 (1961) [through Chem. Abstr. 57, 4004 b (1962)].
National Cancer Institute: Symposium on analysis of carcinogenic air pollutants, E. Sawicki and K. Cassel, JR., Editors. Washington: U. S. Gov’t. Printing Office 1962.
Nelson, L. B., and D. J. Stormont: Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum waxes. Chem. and Ind. 1960, 561.
Nešković, B. A., and V. Soskic: Detection of small quantities of 3, 4-benzopyrene directly from chromatographic paper. Nature 190, 1199 (1961).
Oser, B.: The experimental induction of cancer by pesticide residues and food additives; its rationale and interpretation. Residue Reviews 1, 1 (1962).
Sawicki, E.: New color test for the larger polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Talanta 2, 128 (1958).
Sawicki, E.: Analysis For Airborne Particulate Hydrocarbons: Their relative proportions as affected by different types of pollution. In: Analysis of carcinogenic air pollutants. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monograph No. 9, p. 204 (1962).
Sawicki, E., W. Elbert, T. W. Stanley, T. R. Hauser, and F. T. Fox: Separation and characterization of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in urban airborne particulates. Anal. Chem. 32, 810 (1960 a).
Sawicki, E., W. Elbert, T. W. Stanley, T. R. Hauser, and F. T. Fox: The detection and determination of polynuclear hydrocarbons in urban airborne particulates. I. The benzopyrene fraction. Internai. J. Air Pollution 2, 273 (1960 b).
Sawicki, E., T. R. Hauser, and T. W. Stanley: Ultraviolet, visible, and fluorescence spectral analysis of polynuclear hydrocarbons. Internat. J. Air Pollution 2, 253 (1960 c).
Sawicki, E., T. W. Stanley, W. C. Elbert, and J. D. Pfaff: Application of thin-layer diro- matography to the analysis of atmospheric pollutants and determination of benzo[rf]pyrene. Anal. Chem. 36, 497 (1964 a).
Sawicki, E., J. D. Pfaff, and W. C. Elbert: Thin-layer chromatographic separation of benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[and]fluoranthene from airborne particulates. Chemist-Analyst 53, 6 (1964 b).
Scassellati-Sforzolini, G., and A. Mariani: Investigation of 3,4-benzopyrene and other poly cyclic hydrocarbons in the smoke from Italian cigarettes. Ricerca Sci., Rend. 1 (No. 2), 98 (1961).
Schoental, R., and E. J. Y. Scott: Fluorescence spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solution. J. Chem. Soc. 1949, 1683.
Snyder, L. R.: Applications of linear elution adsorption chromatography to the separation and analysis of petroleum. I. Compound class separations over alumina and silica. Anal. Chem. 33, 1527 (1961).
Soemantri, R. M., and H. I. Waterman: The separation of naphthalene and its hydrogenated products by vapor-phase chromatography. J. Inst. Petrol. 43 (No. 399), 94 (1957).
Solo, A. J., and S. W. Pelletier: Gas liquid chromatography of phenanthrenes. Use in identification of the components of mixtures of alkyl phenanthrenes. Anal. Chem. 35, 1584 (1963).
Spotswood, T. M.: The chromatography of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on partially acetylated cellulose. II. J. Chromatog. 3, 101 (1960).
Stahl, E.: Dunnschichtchromatographie. 2. Mitt. Chemiker-Zeitg. 82, 323 (1958).
Tabor, E. C., T. R. Hauser, J. P. Lodge, and R. H. Burttschell: Organic particulate matter in the atmosphere of certain American cities. Amer. Med. Assoc. Arch. Ind. Health 17, 58 (1958).
Thomas, J. F., B. D. Tebbens, E. N. Sanborn, and J. M. Cripps: Fluorescent spectra of aromatic hydrocarbons found in polluted atmosphere. Internat. J. Air Pollution 2, 210 (1960).
Udenfriend, S.: Fluorescence assay in biology and medicine. P. 106. New York-London: Academic Press 1962.
Van Duuren, B. L.: Identification of some polynuclear hydrocarbons in cigarette- smoke condensate. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 21, 1 and 623 (1958).
Van Duuren, B. L.: Separation and Identification of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carcinogens From Environmental Sources. In: Analysis of carcinogenic air pollutants. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monograph No. 9, p. 135 (1962).
Van Duuren, B. L., and C. E. Bardi: Reflectance fluorescence spectra of aromatic compounds in potassium bromide pellets. Anal. Chem. 35, 2198 (1963).
Van Duuren, B. L., J. A. Bilbao, and C. A. Joseph: The carcinogenic nitrogen heterocyclics in cigarette-smoke condensate. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 25, 53 (1960).
Wedgewood, P., and R. L. Cooper: Detection and determination of traces of polynuclear hydrocarbons in industrial effluents and sewage. Analyst 79, 163 (1954); Ibid. 80, 652 (1955).
West, P., S. Buddhadeu, and N. A. Gibson: Gas-liquid chromatography applied to air pollution sampling. Anal. Chem. 30, 1390 (1958).
West, W.: Fluorescence and phosphorescence. Chapt. VI in Vol. IX of Weissburger: Technique of organic chemistry. New York: Interscience 1956.
Winterstein, A., and K. Schon: Fractionation and Purification of Organic Substances By The Principle Of Chromatographic Adsorption Analysis. Iv. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 2. Physiol. Chem. 230, 146, 158, and 169 (1934).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1965 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Gunther, F.A., Buzzetti, F. (1965). Occurrence, isolation, and identification of polynuclear hydrocarbons as residues. In: Gunther, F.A. (eds) Residue Reviews / Rückstands-Berichte. Residue Reviews, vol 9. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8395-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8395-0_2
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8397-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8395-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive