Abstract
Animals of the same species are rarely distributed randomly. Each individual’s movements are influenced by those of its neighbors, with the result that any population exhibits a characteristic pattern of individuals’ locations and activities in space.1 In this chapter, we discuss in turn three approaches to understanding individuals’ spatial relationships: quantitative specification of patterns of spacing; analysis of the behavioral mechanisms that control spacing; and identification of the effects of natural selection on the evolution of spacing. This division separates discussion of the proximate controls of spacing, in our initial sections, from consideration of the ultimate controls, with which we conclude.
Our research on spatial relationships in vertebrate societies has been supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (MH22316 to Wiley), the National Science Foundation (DEB 77-23671 to Waser), and a National Institute of Health training grant to Rockefeller University (GMOI789).
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Waser, P.M., Wiley, R.H. (1979). Mechanisms and Evolution of Spacing in Animals. In: Marler, P., Vandenbergh, J.G. (eds) Social Behavior and Communication. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9116-0_4
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