Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Regulation of the Protein-Synthesizing Machinery—Ribosomes, tRNA, Factors, and So On

  • Chapter
Biological Regulation and Development

Part of the book series: Biological Regulation and Development ((BRD,volume 1))

Abstract

The long title of this chapter was suggested by the editor. I find it excellent because, right away, it points to the complexity and vagueness of the subject. This in turn forces the author to clarify his position. First of all I shall not deal with eukaryotic cells; partly because I lack the necessary specialized knowledge, but also because, as a rule, these cells contain more than one protein-synthesizing system (PSS), making them particularly difficult to analyze. So, this chapter is about the PSS in bacteria with the usual bias toward Escherichia coli.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aboud, M., and Pastan, I., 1973, Stimulation of lac transcription by guanosine 5’-diphosphate, 2’ (or 3’)-diphosphate and transfer nucleic acid, J,Biol. Chem. 248: 3356.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aboud, M., and Pastan, I., 1975, Activation of transcription by guanosine 5’-diphosphate, 3’-diphos- phate, transfer ribonucleic acid, and a novel protein from Escherichia coli, J. Biol. Chem. 250: 2189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, K. B., 1974, Oxygen uptake and energetics of Escherichia coli, Lunteren Lectures on Molecular Genetics, 1974 Symposium on the Bacterial Envelope, Lunteren.

    Google Scholar 

  • Artz, S. W., and Broach, J. R., 1975, Histidine regulation in Salmonella typhimurium: An activatorattenuator model of gene regulation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72: 3453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R. F., and Yanofsky, C., 1968, The periodicity of RNA polymerase initiations: A new regulatory feature of transcription, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 60: 313.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, P. M., and Maa10e, O., 1975, The effects of fusidic acid on growth, ribosome synthesis and RNA metabolism in Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 90: 541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal, R. M., Reeh, S. V., and Pedersen, S., 1976, Regulation of the transcription factor and a subunit of RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli B/r, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73: 2285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borek, E., Ryan, A., and Rockenbach, J., 1955, Studies on a mutant of Escherichia coli with unbalanced ribonucleic acid synthesis, J. Bacteriol. 71: 318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bremer, H., and Dalbow, D. G., 1975, Regulatory state of ribosomal genes and physiological changes in the concentration of free ribonucleic acid polymerase in Escherichia coli, Biochem J. 150: 9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cashel, M., and Gallant, J., 1969, Two compounds implicated in the function of the RC gene of Escherichia coli, Nature 221: 838.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlin, M., Mangel, W., Rhodes, G., and Stahl, S., 1976, Biochemical studies on the transcription cycle, in: Benzon Symp. IX, pp. 22 - 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, M. G., and Pritchard, R. H., 1975, The effect of gene concentration and relative gene dosage on gene output in Escherichia coli, Mol. Gen. Genet. 138: 127.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coffman, R. L., Norris, T. E., and Koch, A. L., 1971, Chain elongation rate of messenger and polypeptides in slowly growing Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 60: 1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Contesse, G., Crépin, M., and Gros, F., 1970, Transcription of the lactose operon in E. coli, in: The Lactose Operon ( J. R. Beckwith and D. Zipser, eds.), pp. 111 - 141, Cold Spring Harbor Lab., Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crépin, M., Lelong, J.-C., and Gros, F., 1973, Early steps in the formation of a translation initiation complex on newly transcribed messenger RNA, in: Protein Synthesis in Reproductive Tissue ( E. Diczfalusy, ed.), pp. 33 - 51, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dagley, S., Turnock, G., and Wild, D. G., 1961, The accumulation of ribonucleic acid by a mutant of E. coli, Biochem. J. 88: 555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalbow, D. G., and Bremer, H., 1975, Metabolic regulation of 13-galactosidase synthesis in Escherichia coli. A test for constitutive ribosome synthesis, Biochem. J. 150: 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalbow, D. G., and Young, R., 1975, Synthesis time of /3-galactosidase in Escherichia coli B/r as a function of growth rate, Biochem. J. 150: 13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, P. P., and Nomura, M., 1974, Stringent control of ribosomal protein gene expression in Escherichia coli, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71: 3819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, P. P., and Young, R. F., 1975, Regulation of ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli B/r, J. Bacteriol. 121: 994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deusser, E., 1972, Heterogeneity of ribosomal populations in Escherichia coli cells grown in different media, Mol. Gen. Genet. 119: 249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engbaek, F., Kjelgaard, N. O., and Maalöe, 0., 1973, Chain growth rate of ß-galactosidase during exponential growth and amino acid starvation, J. Mol. Biol. 75: 109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engbaek, F., Gross, C., and Burgess, R. R., 1976, Biosynthesis of RNA polymerase, in: Benzon Symp. IX, pp. 117 - 124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engberg, B., and Nordström, K., 1975, Replication of R-factor R1 in Escherichia coli K-12 at different growth rates, J. Bacterial. 123: 179.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiil, N. P., v.Meyenburg, K., and Friesen, J. D., 1972, Accumulation and turnover of guanosine tetraphosphate in Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 71: 769.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forchhammer, J., and Kjeldgaard, N. 0., 1968, Regulation of messenger RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 37: 245.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forchhammer, J., and Lindahl, L., 1971, Growth rate of polypeptide chains as a function of the cell growth rate in a mutant of Escherichia coli 15, J. Mol. Biol. 55: 563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forchhammer, J., Jackson, E. N., and Yanofsky, C., 1972, Different half-lives of messenger RNA corresponding to different segments of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia colt, J. Mol. Biol. 71: 687.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, A. V., and Zabin, I., 1977, The amino acid sequence of ß-galactosidase of Escherichia colt, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 1507.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friesen, J. D., Fiil, N. P., and v.Meyenburg, K., 1975, Synthesis and turnover of basal level guanosine tetraphosphate in Escherichia colt, J. Biol. Chem. 250: 304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallant, J., 1976, Elements of the down-shift servomechanism, in: Benton Symp. IX, pp. 385392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallant, J., and Lazzarini, R. A., 1976, The regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis and degradation in bacteria, in: Protein Synthesis, Vol. 2 ( E. H. McConkey, ed.), pp. 309 - 359, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallant, J., Palmer, L., and Pao, C. C., 1977, Anomalous synthesis of ppGpp in growing cells, Cell 11: 181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gausing, K., 1972, Efficiency of protein and messenger RNA synthesis in bacteriophage T4-infected cells of Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 71: 529.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gausing, K., 1974, Ribosomal protein in E. colt.: Rate of synthesis and pool size at different growth rates, Mol. Gen. Genet. 129: 61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gausing, K., 1976, Synthesis of rRNA and r-protein mRNA in E. colt at different growth rates, in: Benzon Symp. IX, pp. 292 - 303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gausing, K., 1977, Regulation of ribosome production in Escherichia colt: Synthesis and stability of ribosomal RNA and of ribosomal protein messenger RNA at different growth rates, J. Mol. Biol. 115: 335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, J., 1970, Regulation of the in vivo synthesis of the polypeptide chain elongation factors in Escherichia colt, Biochemistry 9: 912.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, M. T., Bennett, P. M., and v.Meyenburg, K., 1973, Intrasonic polarity during dissociation of translation from transcription in Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 77: 589.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, M. T., Pato, M. L., Molin, S., Fiil, N. P., and v.Meyenburg, K., 1975, Simple downshift and resulting lack of correlation between ppGpp pool size and ribonucleic acid accumulation, J. Bacteriol. 122: 585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haseltine, W. A., and Block, R., 1973, Synthesis of guanosine tetra-and pentaphosphate requires the presence of a codon-specific, uncharged transfer ribonucleic acid in the acceptor site of ribosomes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70: 1564.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henning, U., Dietrich, J., Murray, K. N., and Deppe, G., 1968, Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase synthesis: Substrate induction, in: Molecular Genetics ( H. G. Wittmann and H. Schuster, eds.), pp. 223 - 236, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Heyden, B., Nusslein, C., and Schaller, H., 1975, Initiation of transcription within an RNA-polymerase binding site, Eur. J. Biochem. 55: 147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, J., and Schleif, R., 1973, In vivo experiments on the mechanism of action of L-arabinose C gene activator and lactose repressor, J. Mol. Biol. 80: 433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsh, J., and Schleif, R., 1976, Electron microscopy of gene regulation: The L-arabinose operon, Biochemistry 73: 1518.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imamoto, F., 1968, On the initiation of transcription of the tryptophan operon in Escherichia colt, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 60: 305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingraham, J., and MaaloOe, O., 1967, Cold-sensitive mutants and the minimum temperature of growth of bacteria, in: Molecular Mechanisms of Temperature Adoptation ( C. L. Prosser, ed.), pp. 297 - 309, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishihama, A., Taketo, M., Saitoh, T., and Fukuda, R., 1976, Control of formation of RNA polymerase in Escherichia colt, in: RNA Polymerase ( R. Losick and M. Chamberlin, eds.), pp. 485 - 502, Cold Spring Harbor Lab., Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwakura, Y., Koreaki, I., and Ishihama, A., 1974, Biosynthesis of RNA polymerase in Escherichia colt, I.

    Google Scholar 

  • Control of RNA polymerase content at various growth rates, Mol. Gen. Genet. 133: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen, K., Molin, S., Karlström, O., and Maal0e, 0., 1977, Control of protein synthesis in Escherichia colt: Analysis of an energy-source shift-down, J. Bacteriol. 131: 18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, D. P., and Rickenberg, H. V., 1963, The competitive inhibition of a-methyl glucoside uptake in Escherichia colt, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 10: 482.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kjeldgaard, N. O., 1967, Regulation of nucleic acid and protein formation in bacteria, in: Advances in Microbial Physiology, Vol. 1, ( A. H. Rose and I. F. Wilkinson, eds.), pp. 39 - 95, Academic Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kjelgaard, N. O., and Gausing, K., 1973, Regulation of biosynthesis of ribosomes, in: Ribosomes ( M. Nomura, A. Tissières, and P. Lengyel, eds.), pp. 369 - 392, Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjeldgaard, N. O., Maalbe, O., and Schaechter, M., 1958, The transition between different physiologi-cal states during balanced growth of Salmonella typhimurium, J. Gen. Microbiol. 19: 607.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, A. L., 1971, The adaptive response of Escherichia cob to a feast and famine existence, in: Advances in Microbial Physiology, Vol. 6 ( Koch, A. L., eds.), pp. 147 - 217, Academic Press,New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, A. L., and Deppe, C. S., 1971, In vivo assay of protein synthesizing capacity of Escherichia cob from slowly growing chemostat cultures, J. Mol. Biol. 55: 549.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurland, C. G., and Maalbe, O., 1962, Regulation of ribosomal and transfer RNA synthesis, J. Mol. Biol. 4: 193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazzarini, R. A., Cashel, M., and Gallant, J., 1971, On the regulation of guanosine tetraphosphate levels in stringent and relaxed strains of Escherichia coli, J. Biol. Chem. 246: 4381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehninger, A. L., 1965, Bioenergetics, Benjamin, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, L. W., and Kennell, D., 1974, Evidence against transcription termination within the E. coli lac operon, Mol. Gen. Genet. 133: 367.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindahl, L., 1975, Intermediates and time kinetics of the in vivo assembly of Escherichia coli ribosomes, J. Mol. Biol. 92: 15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindahl, L., Jaskunas, S. R., Dennis, P. P., and Nomura, M., 1975, Cluster of genes in Escherichia coli for ribosomal proteins, ribosomal RNA, and RNA polymerase subunits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72: 2743.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindqvist, R. C., and Nordström, K., 1970, Resistance of Escherichia coli to penicillins VII. Purification and characterization of a penicillinase mediated by the R factor R1, J. Bacteriol. 101: 232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maalbe, 0., 1969, An analysis of bacterial growth, Dev. Biol. Suppl. 3: 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maalbe, O., and Kjeldgaard, N. 0., 1966, Control of Macromolecular Synthesis, Benjamin, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matzura, H., Mohn, S., and Maalbe, 0., 1971, Sequential biosynthesis of the ß and ß’ subunits of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 59: 17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • v.Meyenburg, K., 1971, Transport-limited growth rates in a mutant of Escherichia coli, J. Bacteriol. 107: 878.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohn, S., 1976, Ribosomal RNA chain elongation rates in Escherichia coli, in: Benzon Symp. IX, pp. 333: 339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molin, S., v.Meyenburg, K., Maalbe, O., Hansen, M. T., and Pato, M. L., 1977, Control of ribosome synthesis in Escherichia coli: Analysis of an energy source shift-down, J. Bacteriol. 131: 7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muto, A., Otaka, E., and Osawa, S., 1966, Protein synthesis in a relaxed-control mutant of Escherichia coli upon recovery from methionine starvation, J. Mol. Biol. 19: 60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nath, K., and Koch, A. L., 1970, Protein degradation in Escherichia coli, J. Biol. Chem. 245: 2889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neidhardt, F. C., 1963, Properties of a bacterial mutant lacking amino acid control of RNA synthesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 68: 365.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nomura, M., 1976, Organization of bacterial genes for ribosomal components: Studies using novel approaches, Cell 9: 633.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, T. E., and Koch, A. L., 1972, Effect of growth rate on the relative rates of synthesis of messenger, ribosomal and transfer RNA in Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 64: 633.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Farrell, P. H., 1975, High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins, J. Biol. Chem. 250: 4007.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pato, M. L., and v.Meyenburg, K., 1970, Residual RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli after inhibition of transcription by rifampicin, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 35: 497.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pato, M. L., Bennett, P. M., and v.Meyenburg, K., 1973, Messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis and degradation in Escherichia coli during inhibition of translation, J. Bacteriol. 116: 710.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, F. S., Lund, E., and Kjeldgaard, N. 0., 1973, Codon specific, tRNA dependent in vitro synthesis of ppGpp and pppGpp, Nature New Biol. 243: 13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, S., 1976, Stability of nascent ribosomal RNA in Escherichia coli, in: Benzon Symp. IX, pp. 345: 352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, S., Bloch, P. L., Reeh, S., and Neidhardt, F. C., 1978a, Patterns of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli: A catalog of the amount of 140 individual proteins at different growth rates, Cell 14: 179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, S., Reeh, S., and Friesen, J. D., 1978b, Functional mRNA half-lives in E. coli, Mol. Gen. Genet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pine, M. J., 1970, Steady-state measurement of the turnover of amino acid in the cellular proteins of growing Escherichia coli: Existence of two kinetically distinct reactions, J. Bacteriol. 103: 207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pongs, O., and Ulbrich, N., 1976, Specific binding of formylated initiator-tRNA to Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73: 3064.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishnan, T., and Echols, H., 1973, Purification and properties of M protein: An accessory factor for RNA polymerase, J. Mol. Biol. 78: 675.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeh, S., Pedersen, S., and Friesen, J. D., 1976, Biosynthetic regulation of individual proteins in relA+ and relA strains of Escherichia coli during amino acid starvation, Mol. Gen. Genet. 149: 279.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Revel, M., 1972, Polypeptide chain initiation: The role of ribosomal protein factors and ribosomal subunits, in: The Mechanism of Protein Syntheses and Its Regulation ( L. Bosch, ed.), pp. 87 - 131, North-Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, J. P., 1975, Initiation of transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase from supercoiled and non-supercoiled bacteriophage PM2 DNA, J. Mol. Biol. 91: 477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Risebrough, R. W., Tissières, A., and Watson, J. D., 1962, Messenger RNA attachment to active ribosomes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 48: 430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, J. K., and Yanofsky, C., 1972, Metabolic regulation of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli: Repressor-independent regulation of transcription iniation frequency, J. Mol. Biol. 69: 103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rünzi, W., and Matzura, H., 1976, Distribution of RNA polymerase between cytoplasm and nucleoid in a strain of Escherichia coli, in: Benzon Symp. IX, pp. 115 - 116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleif, R., 1967, Control of production of ribosomal protein, J. Mol. Biol. 27: 41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schleif, R., 1968, Origin of chloramphenicol particle protein, J. Mol. Biol. 37: 119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeburg, P. H., Nüsslein, C., and Schaller, H., 1977, Interaction of RNA polymerase with promoters from bacteriophage fd, Eur. J. Biochem. 74: 107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, D. H., and Moldave, K., 1966, Effect of ribosomes on the biosynthesis of ribonucleic acid in vitro, J. Mol. Biol. 21: 231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sompayrac, L., and Maals e, O., 1973, Autorepressor model for control of DNA replication, Nature New Biol. 241: 133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stent, G. S., 1966, Genetic transcription, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 164: 181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, J. C., Artz, S. W., and Ames, B. N., 1975, Guanosine 5’-diphosphate 3’-diphosphate (ppGpp): Positive effector for histidine operon transcription and general signal for amino-acid deficiency, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72: 4389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summerton, J. E., 1976, Measurement of the pool size and synthesis rate of the metabolically unstable fraction of RNA in Escherichia coli by a method independent of hybridization efficiency and unaffected by precursor compartmentation, J. Mol. Biol. 100: 127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talkad, V., Schneider, E., and Kennell, D., 1976, Evidence for variable rates of ribosome movement in Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 104: 299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Travers, A., 1976a, Modulation of RNA polymerase specificity by ppGpp, Mol. Gen. Genet. 147: 225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Travers, A., 19766, RNA polymerase specificity and the control of growth, Nature 263: 641.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venetianer, P., Sümegi, J., and Udvardy, A., 1976, Properties of ribosomal RNA promoters, in: Benzon Symp. IX, pp. 252 – 265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, J. R., Knopf, P. M., and Rich, A., 1962, A multiple ribosomal structure in protein synthesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 49: 122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, M., Strycharz, W. A., and Nomura, M., 1976, Identification of genes for elongation factor Ts and ribosomal protein S2 in E. coli, Cell 8: 129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanagisawa, K., 1962, The simultaneous accumulation of RNA and of a repressor of /3-galactosidase synthesis, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 9: 88.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanofsky, C., 1976, Control sites in the tryptophan operon, in: Benzon Symp. IX, pp. 149 - 160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanofsky, C., and Ito, J., 1966, Nonsense codons and polarity in the tryptophan operon, J. Mol. Biol. 21: 313.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshikawa, H., and Sueoka, N., 1963, Sequential replication of Bacillus subtilis chromosome, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 49: 559.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaritsky, A., and v.Meyenburg, K., 1974, Synthesis of ribosomal protein during the cell cycle of Escherichia coli B/r, Mol. Gen. Genet. 129: 217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zillig, W., Mailhammer, R., and Rohrer, H., 1976, Structural modifications of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase as means for gross regulation of transcription, in: Benzon Symp. IX, pp. 43 - 54.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    O. Maaløe

Authors
  1. O. Maaløe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Robert F. Goldberger

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Maaløe, O. (1979). Regulation of the Protein-Synthesizing Machinery—Ribosomes, tRNA, Factors, and So On. In: Goldberger, R.F. (eds) Biological Regulation and Development. Biological Regulation and Development, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3417-0_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3417-0_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-3419-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-3417-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation