Abstract
A knowledge engineer can be viewed as a special kind of student. Her goal is to develop computational models of complex problem solving by watching and questioning an expert and incrementally testing her model on a set of selected problem cases.1 Characteristically, the knowledge engineer (KE) is in complete control of this process. Her construction of a problem-solving model is almost completely self-directed; she is an active learner. The KE thus provides us with an excellent basis for studying methods that any student might use for approaching new problem domains and acquiring the knowledge to solve a set of practical problems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bennett, J. (1983). ROGET: A knowledge-based consultant for acquiring the conceptual structure of an expert system. HPP Memo 83–24. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
Bloom, B. S. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. New York: David McKay.
Brown, J. S. (1983). Process versus product—A perspective on tools for communal and informal electronic learning. In Education in the Electronic Age, proceedings of a conference sponsored by the Educational Broadcasting Corporation, WNET.
Brown, J. S., & VanLehn, K. (1980). Repair theory: A generative theory of bugs in procedural skills. Cognitive Science, 4, 379–415.
Bruner, J. S. (1983). In search of mind: Essays in autobiography. New York: Harper & Row.
Bruner, J. S. (1986). Actual minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Chandrasekaran, B. (1984). Expert systems: Matching techniques to tasks. In W. Reitman (Ed.) AI applications for business (pp. 116–132). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Chandrasekaran, B. (1986). Proceedings of the workshop on high level tools for knowledge-based systems. Columbus, OH: Ohio State.
Clancey, W. J. (1982). GUIDON. Applications-oriented AI research: Education. In A. Barr & E.A. Feigenbaum (Eds.), The handbook of artificial intelligence. (pp. 267–278). Los Altos, CA: Kaufmann.
Clancey, W. J. (1983a). The advantages of abstract control knowledge in expert system design. In Proceedings of the national conference on artificial intelligence. (pp. 74–78). Washington, DC: Los Altos, CA: Morgan-Kaufmann.
Clancey, W. J. (1983b). The epistemology of a rule-based expert system: A framework for explanation. Artificial Intelligence, 20, 215–251.
Clancey, W. J. (1984). Knowledge acquisition for classification expert systems. In Proceedings of ACM annual conference (pp. 11–14).
Clancey, W. J. (1985). Heuristic classification. Artificial Intelligence, 27, 289–350.
Clancey, W. J. (1986a). From Guidon to Neomycin and Heracles in twenty short lessons (ONR Final Report 1979–1985). AI Magazine, 7, 40–60.
Clancey, W. J. (1986b). Qualitative student models. In Annual Review of Computer Science, (pp. 381–450). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc.
Clancey, W. J. (1987). Knowledge-based tutoring: The Guidon program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Clancey, W. J. (1988a) Acquiring, representing, and evaluating a competence model of diagnosis. In M. Chi, R. Glaser, & M. Farr (Eds.), The Nature of Expertise. Hillsdale: Laurence Erlbaum.
Clancey, W. J. (1988b). Viewing knowledge bases as qualitative models. IEEE Expert, in press.
Clancey, W. J. (in press). Representing control knowledge as abstract tasks and metarules. In M. J. Coombs, & L. Bolc (Eds.), Computer expert systems, New York: Springer-Verlag.
Clancey, W. J., & Letsinger, R. (1984). NEOMYCIN: Reconfiguring a rule-based expert system for application to teaching. In W. J. Clancey, & E. H. Shortliffe (Eds.), Readings in medical artificial intelligence: The first decade (pp. 361–381). Reading, PA: Addison-Wesley.
Collins, A. (1978). Fragments of a theory of human plausible reasoning. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing. D. L. Waltz (ed.) Urbana-Champaign University of Illinois. Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing (pp. 194–201).
Crovello, T., & McDaniel, M. An artificial intelligence-based introduction to the scientific method. Unpublished manuscript.
Davis, R., & Buchanan, B. G. (1977). Metal-level knowledge: Overview and applications. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artifical Intelligence-77 (pp. 920–927).
DeJong, G., & Mooney, R. (1986). Explanation-based learning: An alternative view. Machine Learning, 1, 145–176.
Dewey, J. (1964). The process and product of reflective activity: Psychological process and logical form. In R. D. Archambault (Ed.), John Dewey on education: Selected writings (pp. 243–259). New York: Random House.
Dietterich, T. G., Flann, N. S., & Wilkins, D. C. (1986). A summary of machine learning papers from IJCAI-85. Technical Report 86–30–2, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
Eshelman, L., Ehret, D., McDermott, J., & Tan, M. (1986). MOLE: A tenacious knowledge acquisition tool. In Proceedings of knowledge acquisition for knowledge-base systems workshop (pp. 13–1–13–12).
Jackson, P. C. (1974). Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. New York: Petrocelli Books.
Kahn, G., Nowlan, S., & McDermott, J. (1985). MORE: An intelligent knowledge acquisition tool. In Proceedings of the ninth international joint conference on artificial intelligence (pp. 581–584).
Keller, R. M. (1986). Deciding what to learn. Technical Report ML-TR-6, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
Kolodner, J. L., & Simpson, R. L. (1984). Experience and problem solving: A framework. In Proceedings of the sixth annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 239–243). Boulder, CO.
Mitchell, T. M., Keller, R. M., & Kedar-Cabelli, S. T. (1986). Explanation-based generalization: A unifying view. Machine Learning, 1, 47–80.
Mitchell, T. M., Mahadevan, S., & Steinberg, L. I. (1985). LEAP: A learning apprentice for VLSI design. In Proceedings of the ninth international joint conference on artificial intelligence (pp. 573–580).
Patil, R. S., Szolovits, P., & Schwartz, W. B. (1981). Causal understanding of patient illness in medical diagnosis. In Proceedings of the seventh international joint conference and artificial intelligence (pp. 893–899).
Richer, M. H., & Clancey, W. J. (1985). GUIDON-WATCH: A graphic interface for viewing a knowledge-based system. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 5, 51–64.
Rodolitz, N. (1987). Tutoring for Strategic Knowledge. KSL Report 87–38. Stanford University.
Schank, R. C. (1981). Failure-driven memory. Cognition and Brain Theory, 4, 41–60.
Schoenfeld, A. H. (1981, April). Episodes and executive decisions in mathematical problem solving. Technical Report, Hamilton College, Mathematics Department. Presented at the 1981 AERA Annual Meeting.
Smith, R. G., Winston, H. A., Mitchell, T. M., & Buchanan, B. G. (1985). Representation and use of explicit justifications for knowledge base refinement. In Proceedings of the ninth international joint conference on artificial intelligence (pp. 673–680).
Thompson, T., & Clancey, W. J. (1986). A qualitative modeling shell for process diagnosis. IEEE Software, 3, p. 6–15.
VanLehn, K. (1987). Learning one subprocedure per lesson. Artificial Intelligence, 31, 1–40.
Weiss, S. M., Kulikowski, C. A., Amarei, S., & Safir, A. (1978). A model-based method for computer-aided medical decision making. Artificial Intelligence, 11, 145–172.
Wilkins, D. C., Clancey, W. J., & Buchanan, B. G. (1986). An overview of the Odysseus learning apprentice. In T. M. Mitchell, J. G. Carbonell, & R. S. Michalski (Eds.), Machine learning: A guide to current research. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Winograd, T., & Flores, C. F. (1985). Understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Whorf, B. L. (1956). Language, thought, and reality, J. B. Carroll (Ed.). New York.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Clancey, W.J. (1988). The Knowledge Engineer as Student: Metacognitive Bases for Asking Good Questions. In: Mandl, H., Lesgold, A. (eds) Learning Issues for Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Cognitive Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6350-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6350-7_5
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-96616-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-6350-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive