Abstract
Without being wholly conscious of it, parents, pediatricians, and particularly psychologists have used facial expression to infer the existence and development of intelligence. We use facial expression or “affect” to denote consciousness, interest, surprise, intention, fear, or frustration; then we use these states of emotions to determine motivation, knowledge, and ability. This may surprise some readers, since we claim to be looking at behavior to determine motivation, knowledge, and ability. By behavior we usually mean actions accomplished—“grasped the block,” “looked under the pillow,” “turned away.” Awareness of these actions accomplished seems to block awareness of the affect accompanying, preceding, substituting for, or following the action, even though we use affect to interpret the action.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ambrose, J. A., 1961, The development of the smiling response in early infancy, in “Determinants of Infant Behavior,” Vol. 1, B. M. Foss (ed.), Methuen, London, p. 179.
Arnold, M. (ed.), 1970, “Feelings and Emotions,” Academic Press, New York.
Bayley, N., 1969, “Manual for the Bayley Scales of Infant Development,” The Psychological Corporation, New York.
Bettelheim, B., 1967, “The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self,” The Free Press, New York.
Birns, B., And Golden, M., 1972, Prediction of intellectual performance at 3 years from infant test and personality measures, Merrill—Palmer Quarterly, 18 (1):53.
Blatz, W. E., And Millichamp, D. A., 1935, The development of emotion in the infant, University of Toronto Studies, Child Development Series, No. 4.
Blurton-Jones, N. G., 1971, Criteria for use in describing facial expressions in children, Human Biology, 43 (3):365.
Blurton-Jones, N. G. (ed.), 1972, “Ethological Studies of Child Behavior,” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Brackbill, Y., 1958, Extinction of the smiling response in infants as a function of reinforcement schedule, Child Development,29:115.
Bridges, K. B., 1930, A genetic theory of emotions, Journal of Genetic Psychology,, 37:514.
Bridges, K. B., 1932, Emotional development in early infancy, Child Development, 3:324.
Brossard, L. M., And Décarie, T. G., 1968, Comparative reinforcing effect of eight stimulations on the smiling response of infants, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9:51.
Charlesworth, W. R., And Kreutzer, M. A., 1973, Facial expressions of infants and children, in “Darwin and Facial Expression,” P. Ekman (ed.), Academic Press, New York.
Chatfield, C., And Lemon, R. E., 1970, Analyzing sequences of behavioral events, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 29:427.
Cherry, C., 1971, “On Human Communication,” MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S., 1973, Facial expression of emotion in non-human primates, in “Darwin and Facial Expression,” P. Ekman (ed.), Academic Press, New York, p. 11.
Darwin, C., 1872, “Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals,” Murray, London.
Dennis, W., 1935, An experimental test of two theories of social smiling in infants, Journal of Social Psychology, 6:214.
Ekman, P., Freisen, W., And Tomkins, S., 1971, Facial affect scoring technique: A first validity study, Semiotica, 3:37.
Engen, T., Lipsitt, L. P., And Kaye, H., 1963, Olfactory responses and adaptation in the human neonate, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 56:73.
Freedman, D. G., And Freedman, N. C., 1969, Behavioral differences between Chinese-American and European-American newborns, Nature, 224:1227.
Goodenough, F. L., 1931, The expressions of emotions in infancy, Child Development, 2:96.
Gordon, T., And Foss, B. M., 1966, The role of stimulation in the delay of the onset of crying in the newborn infant, Quarterly of Experimental Psychology, 18:79.
Heiligenburg, W., 1973, Random processes describing the occurrence of behavioral patterns in a cichlid fish, Animal Behavior, 21:169.
Hooff, J. Van, 1967, The facial displays of the catarrhine monkeys and apes, in “Primate Ethology,” D. Morris (ed.), Aldine, Chicago.
Jersild, A. T., And Holmes, F. B., 1935, Children’s fears, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,6 (20).
Korner, A. F., And Brobstein, R., 1967, Individual differences at birth: Implications for mother—infant relationship and later development, Journal of Child Psychiatry, 6:676.
Lewis, M., Bartels, B., Campbell, H., And Goldberg, S., 1967, Individual differences in attention: The relationship between infants’ condition at birth and attention distribution in the first year, American Journal of Diseases of Children, 113:461.
Lewis, M., And Brooks, J., 1974, Self, other and fear: Infants’ reactions to people, in “The Origins of Fear: The Origins of Behavior,” Vol. 2, M. Lewis and L. Rosenblum (eds.), Wiley, New York.
Lwron, E. L., And Steinschneider, A., 1964, Studies on the psychophysiology of infancy, Merrill—Palmer Quarterly, 10:102.
Lipton, E. L., Steinschneider, A., And Richmond, J. B., 1966, Autonomic function in the neonate, VII: Maturational changes in cardiac control, Child Development, 37:1.
Mahler, M. S., 1968, “On Human Symbiosis and the Vicissitudes of Individuation, ”Vol. 1: “Infantile Psychosis,” International Universities Press, New York.
Odom, R. D., And Lemond, C. M., 1972, Developmental differences in the perception and production of facial expressions, Child Development, 43:359.
Piaget, J., 1971, “The Construction of Reality,” Ballantine Books, New York.
Spitz, R. A., And Wolff, R. M., 1946, The smiling response: A contribution to the ontogenesis of social relations, Genetic Psychology Monographs,34:57.
Sroufe, L. A., And Waters, E., 1975, Developmental changes in the function of smiling during infancy. Paper presented at Society for Research in Child Development, Denver, Colorado in April.
Thompson, J., 1941, Development of facial expression of emotion in blind and seeing children, Archives of Psychology, No. 264, p. 47.
Tomkins, S., 1962, “Affect, Imagery, Consciousness,” Vol. 1: “The Positive Affects,” Springer Publishing Company, New York.
Tomkins, S., 1963, “Affect, Imagery, Consciousness,” Vol. 2: “The Negative Affects,” Springer Publishing Company, New York.
Tomxins, S., And Izard, C., 1965, “Affect, Cognition, and Personality, Empirical Studies,” Springer Publishing Company, New York.
Valentine, C. W., 1930, The innate bases of fear, Journal of Genetic Psychology, 37:394.
Watson, J. B., 1928, “Psychological Care of Infant and Child,” Norton, New York.
Watson, J. B., And Raynor, R., 1920, Conditioned emotional reactions, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3:1.
Wolff, P., 1963, Observations on the early development of smiling, in “Determinants of Infant Behavior,” Vol. 2, B. M. Foss (ed.), Methuen, London, p. 113.
Wolff, P., 1969, The natural history of crying and other vocalizations in early infancy, in “Determinants of Infant Behavior,” Vol. 4, B. M. Foss (ed.), Methuen, London, p. 81.
Young, G., And Decarie, T., to be submitted for publication, An ethology-based catalogue of facial/vocal behaviors in infancy.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Haviland, J. (1976). Looking Smart: The Relationship between Affect and Intelligence in Infancy. In: Lewis, M. (eds) Origins of Intelligence. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6961-5_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6961-5_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-6963-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-6961-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive