Abstract
The continuous and growing excitement elicited by the concept of immune response (Ir)* genes since their discovery in the mid-1960s (McDevitt and Benacerraf, 1969; Benacerraf and McDevitt, 1972; Benacerraf and Katz, 1975; Benacerraf and Germain, 1978) can be understood as soon as that concept is fully defined. Immune response genes are operationally defined as antigen-specific genes that control the ability of an animal to raise an i immune response, humoral or cellular, to a particular antigen. The antigen specificity is a crucial aspect of the definition. Thus genes that lead to broad immune deficiency diseases, such as Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome or ataxia telangiectasia in man (Waldmann et al., 1980) and the CBA/N defect in the mouse (Mosier et al., 1977), are excluded from the concept. However, the antigen specificity is also what leads to all the excitement. The hallmark of immunology has always been the exquisite, fine specificity of antigen recognition combined with the seemingly endless diversity of specificities that could be elicited. Despite many investigator years of research invested in trying to explain this diversity, primarily with regard to immunoglobulins, providing us with some understanding of the molecular bases of specificity (Kabat, 1978; Berzofsky and Schechter, 1980, and reviews cited therein), the mechanisms of generation of antibody diversity are still the subject of continuing controversy (Cunningham, 1976; Kabat et al., 1979; Seidman et al., 1979, and references cited therein). The discovery of Ir genes introduced an apparently new level of antigen recognition whose diversity and specificity had to be explained in addition to those of familiar immunoglobulins.
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Abbreviations
- BSA:
-
Bovine serum albumin
- BUdR:
-
bromodeoxyuridine
- CFA:
-
complete Freund’s adjuvant
- CH :
-
constant portion of immunoglobulin heavy chain
- CI:
-
cellular interaction
- cM:
-
centiMorgans or recombinational map units
- DNP:
-
dinitrophenyl
- DTH:
-
delayed-type hypersensitivity
- GAT:
-
random linear copolymer Glu60,Ala30,Tyr10
- GLLeu:
-
poly-(Glu,Lys,Leu)
- GLPhe:
-
random copolymer of Glu53, Lys36,Phe11
- GLT5 :
-
poly-(Glu57,Lys38,Tyr5)
- H-2:
-
The major histocompatibility complex of the mouse
- (H,G)-A-L:
-
poly(His,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala-poly-L-Lys
- Ir:
-
immune response
- KLH:
-
keyhole limpet hemocyanin
- LPS:
-
lipopolysaccharide from bacterial cell wall
- Mb:
-
myoglobin
- MBSA:
-
methylated bovine serum albumin
- MHC:
-
major histocompatibility complex
- MLR:
-
allogenic mixed lymphocyte reaction
- NIP:
-
(4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3nitrophenyl) acetyl
- NP:
-
(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl
- (Phe,G)-A-L:
-
poly(Phe,Glu)-poly-D,L-Alapoly-L-Lys
- PLL:
-
poly-L-lysine
- (T,G)-A-L:
-
poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala-poly-L-Lys
- (T,G)-Pro-L:
-
poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly-L-Pro-poly-L-Lys
- TNP:
-
trinitrophenyl
- VH:
-
variable portion of immunoglobulin heavy chain
- VL :
-
variable portion of immunoglobulin light chain
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Berzofsky, J.A. (1980). Immune Response Genes in the Regulation of Mammalian Immunity. In: Goldberger, R.F. (eds) Biological Regulation and Development. Biological Regulation and Development, vol 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9933-9_10
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