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Trace Metals in Sea Water pp 265–296Cite as

The Significance of the River Input of Chemical Elements to the Ocean

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Part of the book series: NATO Conference Series ((MARS,volume 9))

Abstract

The objectives of this paper are to review the role of rivers as a pathway of chemical elements from the land to the ocean and to assess the significance of river input of pollutants to oceanic chemistry.

The major importance of river suspended matter (R.S.M.) on the transport of chemical elements to the ocean is underlined. The relationship between river water/river suspended sediment partition coefficient and the electronegativity function QYO has been reassessed. A comparison between theoretical erosion and actual fluxes of material carried by rivers shows that for most chemical elements these two figures are similar. Additional fluxes are observed in rivers for some elements like Sb, Zn and Pb. This discrepancy is discussed in terms of steady state and non-steady state erosional processes.

During estuarine mixing the discharge of riverine elements to the ocean is drastically modified. More than 90% of the R.S.M. settles with its associated colloidal material produced when river water mixes with sea water. Consequently, due to the strong association of chemical elements with R.S.M., only a small percentage of the continental material will reach the sea. However, the comparison of R.S.M. with deep-sea clay composition emphasizes the prime influence of river input on oceanic sediment composition over a long term period for most elements with the exception of Mn, Co and Cu.

With regards to the dissolved phase, for the elements which exhibit a conservative behaviour during estuarine mixing (“accumulated” elements), corresponding to large mean oceanic residence time (MORT), the influence of anthropogenic discharge on the global ocean will not be readily noticeable although significant changes may be observed in the coastal zone.

For those elements which show “unchanged” or “depleted” concentrations in the ocean, the influence of industrial contamination cannot be significantly observed in the open ocean, because of their rapid removal in the estuarine and coastal zone.

Finally river input of chemical elements to the ocean is compared to atmospheric and volcanic sources of material.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de Geologie, E.N.S., 46 rue d’Ulm, 75230, Paris Cedex, 05, France

    Jean-Marie Martin

  2. The Laboratory, Marine Biological Association of the U.K., Citadel Hill Plymouth, PL1 2PB, Great Britain

    Michael Whitfield

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  1. Jean-Marie Martin
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada

    C. S. Wong (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief)

  2. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    Edward Boyle

  3. University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA

    Kenneth W. Bruland

  4. University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    J. D. Burton

  5. University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

    Edward D. Goldberg

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Martin, JM., Whitfield, M. (1983). The Significance of the River Input of Chemical Elements to the Ocean. In: Wong, C.S., Boyle, E., Bruland, K.W., Burton, J.D., Goldberg, E.D. (eds) Trace Metals in Sea Water. NATO Conference Series, vol 9. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6864-0_16

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