Abstract
Flower colour results from the preferential absorption of part of the visible light by one, or several, chemical compound(s) synthesized by higher plants. Since plants cannot ‘see’ their own colours, it is conceivable that the colour signals emerging from flowers are messages interpretable by mammals as well as by birds and insects (Harborne, 1976). Thus colour is most likely a link between animals and plants, as are flower shape, scent and taste. In particular, insects and birds attracted by colour pollinate the flowers and aid the survival of plant species. In contrast to man, some insects, especially bees, can perceive in the near ultraviolet (340–380 nm) as well as in the visible.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akavia, N., Strack, D. and Cohen, A. (1981), Z. Naturforsch.36c, 378.
Äsen, S. (1976), Acta Hortic. 63, 217.
Äsen, S. (1984), Phytochemistry 23, 2523.
Äsen, S. and Griesbach, R. (1983), J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 108, 845.
Äsen, S., Stewart, R.N., Norris, K.H. and Massie, D.R. (1970), Phytochemistry 9, 619.
Äsen, S., Norris, K.H. and Stewart, R.N. (1971a), J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 96, 770.
Äsen, S., Stewart, R.N. and Norris, K.H. (1971b), Phytochemistry 10, 171.
Äsen, S., Stewart, R.N. and Norris, K.H. (1972), Phytochemistry 11, 1139.
Äsen, S., Stewart, R.N. and Norris, K.H. (1975), Phytochemistry 14, 2677.
Äsen, S., Stewart, R.N. and Norris, K.H. (1977), Phytochemistry 16, 1118.
Äsen, S., Stewart, R.N. and Norris, K.H. (1979), Phytochemistry 18, 1251.
Bayer, E., Egeter, H., Fink, A., Nether, K. and Wegmann, K. (1966), Angern. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 5, 791.
Böhm, B.A. (1982). In The Flavonoids — Advances in Research (eds J.B. Harborne and T.J. Mabry), Chapman and Hall, London, p.313.
Bridle, P., Loeffler, R.S.T., Timberlake, C.F. and Self, R. (1984), Phytochemistry 23, 2968.
Britton, G. (1983), The Biochemistry of Natural Pigments, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bronnum-Hansen, K. and Hansen, S.H. (1983), J. Chromatogr. 262, 385.
Brouillard, R. (1981), Phytochemistry 20, 143.
Brouillard, R. (1982). In Anthocyanins as Food Colors (ed. P. Markakis), Academic Press, New York, p. 1.
Brouillard, R. (1983), Phytochemistry 22, 1311.
Brouillard, R., and Delaporte, B. (1977), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 8461.
Brouillard, R. and Dubois, J.E. (1977), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 1359.
Brouillard, R., Iacobucci, G.A. and Sweeny, J.G. (1982), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 7585.
Brouillard, R., Statoua, A. and Merlin, J.C. (1985). In Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules (eds A.J.P. Alix, L. Bernard and M. Manfait), Wiley, Chichester, p. 445.
Busetta, P.B., Colleter, J.C. and Gadret, M. (1974), Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B 30, 1448.
Carey, P.R. (1982), Biochemical Applications of Raman and Resonance Raman Spectroscopies, Academic Press, New York.
Cheminat, A. and Brouillard, R. (1986), Tetrahedron Lett., 4457.
Chen, L.J. and Hrazdina, G. (1981), Phytochemistry 20, 297.
Cornuz, G., Wyler, H. and Lauterwein, J. (1981), Phytochemistry 20, 1461.
Crowden, R.K. (1982), Phytochemistry 21, 2989.
Delhaye, M. and Dhamelincourt, P. (1975), J. Raman Spectrosc. 3, 33.
Goodwin, T.W. (1976). In Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments (ed. T.W. Goodwin), 2nd edn, Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, p. 225.
Goto, T., Takase, S. and Kondo, T. (1978), Tetrahedron Lett., 2413.
Goto, T., Hoshino, T. and Takase, S. (1979), Tetrahedron Lett., 2905.
Goto, T., Kondo, T., Imagawa, H., Takase, S., Atobe, M. and Miura, I. (1981), Chem. Lett., 883.
Goto, T., Kondo, T., Tamura, H., Imagawa, H., lino, A. and Takeda, K. (1982), Tetrahedron Lett., 3695.
Goto, T., Kondo, T., Tamura, H., Kawahori, K. and Hattori, H. (1983a), Tetrahedron Lett., 2181.
Goto, T., Kondo, T., Tamura, H. and Takase, S. (1983b), Tetrahedron Lett., 4863.
Goto, T., Kondo, T., Kawai, T. and Tamura, H. (1984), Tetrahedron Lett., 6021.
Goto, T., Tamura, H., Kawai, T., Hoshino, T., Harada, N. and Kondo, T. (1986), Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 471, 155.
Harborne, J.B. (1957), Biochem. J. 70, 22.
Harborne, J.B. (1967), Comparative Biochemistry of the Flavonoids, Academic Press, New York.
Harborne, J.B. (1976). In Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments (ed. T.W. Goodwin), 2nd edn, Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, p. 736.
Harborne, J.B. (1977a), In The Biology and Chemistry of The Compositae (eds V.H. Heywood, J.B. Harborne and B.L. Turner), Academic Press, London, p. 359.
Harborne, J.B. (1977b), Phytochemistry 16, 927.
Harborne, J.B. (1978), Phytochemistry 17, 915.
Harborne, J.B. (1981), Phytochemistry 20, 1117.
Harborne, J.B. and Boardley, M. (1983a), Z. Naturforsch.38c, 148.
Harborne, J.B. and Boardley, M. (1983b), Phytochemistry 22, 622.
Harborne, J.B. and Nash, R.J. (1984), Biochem. Syst. Ecol.. 12, 315.
Harborne, J.B. and Smith, D.M. (1978), Biochem. Syst. Ecol.. 6, 287.
Harborne J.B. and Williams, C.A. (1984), Z. Naturforsch.39c, 18.
Harborne, J.B., Heywood, V.H. and King, L. (1976), Biochem. Syst. Ecol.. 4, 1.
Harborne, J.B., Saleh, N.A.M. and Smith, D.M. (1978), Phytochemistry 17, 589.
Harborne, J.B., Girija, A.R., Devi, H.M. and Lakshmi, N.K.M. (1983), Phytochemistry 22, 2741.
Hemleben, V. (1981), Z. Naturforsch.36c, 925.
Hoshino, T. (1986), Phytochemistry 25, 829.
Hoshino, T., Matsumoto, U. and Goto, T. (1980a), Tetrahedron Lett., 1751.
Hoshino, T., Matsumoto, U. and Goto, T. (1980b), Phytochemistry 19, 663.
Hoshino, T., Matsumoto, U. and Goto, T. (1981a), Phytochemistry 20, 1971.
Hoshino, T., Matsumoto, U., Harada, N. and Goto, T. (1981b), Tetrahedron Lett., 3621.
Hoshino, T., Matsumoto, U., Goto, T. and Harada, N. (1982), Tetrahedron Lett., 433.
Hrazdina, G. (1982). In The Flavonoids — Advances in Research (eds J.B. Harborne and T.J. Mabry), Chapman and Hall, London, p. 135.
Iacobucci, G.A. and Sweeny, J.G. (1983), Tetrahedron 39, 3005.
Ishikura, N. (1978), Plant Cell Physiol. 19, 887.
Ishikura, N. and Yamamoto, E. (1980), Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi 54, 637.
Jay, M. and Ibrahim, R. (1986), Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 181, 199.
Jay, M. De Luca, V. and Ibrahim, R. (1983), Z. Naturforsch. 38c, 413.
Jurd, L. (1962). In Chemistry of the Flavonoid Compounds (ed. T.A. Geissman), Pergamon, Oxford, p. 107.
Jurd, L. (1972), Adv. Food. Res. (suppl.) 3, 123.
Jurd, L. and Harborne, J.B. (1968), Phytochemistry1, 1209.
Kondo, T., Nakane, Y., Tamura, H., Goto, T. and Eugster, C.H. (1985), Tetrahedron Lett., 5879.
Markham, K.R. (1982), Techniques of Flavonoid Identification, Academic Press, London.
Markham, K.R. and Chari, V.M. (1982) In The Flavonoids — Advances in Research (eds J.B. Harborne and T.J. Mabry), Chapman and Hall, London, p. 19.
Markham, K.R. and Mabry, T.J. (1975), In The Flavonoids (eds J.B. Harborne, T.J. Mabry and H. Mabry), Chapman and Hall, London, p. 45.
Mazza, G. and Brouillard, R. (1987), Food Chem. 25, 207.
McClure, J.W. (1979), In Biochemistry of Plant Phenolics (eds T. Swain, J.B. Harborne and C.F. Van Sumere), Plenum Press, New York, p. 525.
Merlin, J.C. (1983), Spectrosc. Int. J.2, 52.
Merlin J.C. (1985). In Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules (eds A.J.P. Alix, L. Bernard and M. Manfait), Wiley, Chichester, p.427.
Merlin, J.C., Statoua, A. and Brouillard, R. (1985), Phytochemistry 24, 1575.
Nilsson, E. (1973), Chem. Script. 4, 49.
Osawa, Y. (1982). In Anthocyanins as Food Colors (ed P. Markakis), Academic Press, New York, p. 41.
Pecket, R.C and Small, C.J. (1980), Phytochemistry 19, 2571.
Preston, N.W. and Timberlake, C.F. (1981), J. Chromatogr. 214, 222.
Rieseberg, L.H. and Schilling, E.E. (1985), Am. J. Bot. 72, 999.
Robinson, G.M. and Robinson, R. (1931), Biochem. J. 25, 1687.
Saito, N. (1967), Phytochemistry 6, 1013.
Saito, N. and Harborne, J.B. (1983), Phytochemistry 22, 1735.
Saito, N. and Ueno, K. (1985), Heterocycles 23, 2709.
Saito, N., Osawa, Y. and Hayashi, K. (1971), Phytochemistry 10, 445.
Saito, N., Timberlake, C.F., Tucknott, O. and Lewis, I.A.S. (1983), Phytochemistry 22, 1007.
Saito, N., Abe, K. Honda, T., Timberlake, C.F. and Bridle, P. (1985a), Phytochemistry 24, 1583.
Saito, N., Yokoi, M., Yamaji, M. and Honda, T. (1985b), Phytochemistry 24, 2125.
Santhanam, M., Hautala, R.R., Sweeny, J.G. and Iacobucci, G.A. (1983), Photochem. Photobiol. 38, 477.
Scheffeldt, P. and Hrazdina, G. (1978), J. Food Sci. 43, 517.
Schilling, E.E. (1983), Biochem. Syst. Ecol.. 11, 341.
Scogin, R. (1978), Southwest. Nat. 23, 371.
Scogin, R. (1980), Biochem. Syst. Ecol.. 8, 273.
Shibata, K., Hayashi, K. and Isaka, T. (1949), Acta Phytochem. Jpn 15, 17.
Somers, T.C and Evans, M.E. (1979), J. Sci. Food Agric. 30, 623.
Statoua, A., Merlin, J.C., Delhaye, M. and Brouillard, R. (1982). In Raman Spectroscopy Linear and Nonlinear (eds J. Lascombe and P.V. Huong), J.hn Wiley, Chichester, p. 629.
Statoua, A., Merlin, J.C., Brouillard, R. and Delhaye, M. (1983), C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 296, 1397.
Stewart, R.N., Norris, K.H. and Asen, S. (1975), Phytochemistry 14, 937.
Swain, T. (1985). In The Biochemistry of Plant Phenolics (eds C.F. Van Sumere and P.J. Lea), C.arendon Press, Oxford, p. 453.
Sweeny, J.G., Wilkinson, M.M. and Iacobucci, G.A. (1981), J. Agric. Food Chem. 29, 563.
Takeda, K. (1977), Proc. Jpn Acad. 53, 257.
Takeda, K. and Hayashi, K. (1977), Proc. Jpn Acad. 53, 1.
Takeda, K. and Tominaga, S. (1983), Bot. Mag. Tokyo 96, 359.
Takeda, K., Narashima, F. and Nonaka, S. (1980), Phytochemistry 19, 2175.
Takeda, K., Fujii, T. and Iida, M. (1984), Phytochemistry 23, 879.
Takeda, K., Kubota, R. and Yagioka, C. (1985a), Phytochemistry 24, 1207.
Takeda, K. Kariuda, M. and Itoi, H. (1985b), Phytochemistry 24, 2251.
Takeda, K., Harborne, J.B. and Self, R. (1986), Phytochemistry 25, 1337.
Tamura, H., Kondo, T., Kato, Y. and Goto, T. (1983), Tetrahedron Lett., 5749.
Tamura, H. Kondo, T. and Goto, T. (1986), Tetrahedron Lett. 1801.
Timberlake, C.F. (1980), Food. Chem. 5, 69.
Timberlake, C.F. (1981). In Recent Advances in the Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables (eds J. Friend and M.J.C. Rhodes), Academic Press, New York, p. 221.
Timberlake, C.F. and Bridle, P. (1975). In The Flavonoids (eds J.B. Harborne, T.J. Mabry and H. Mabry), Chapman and Hall, London, p. 214.
Timberlake, C.F. and Bridle, P. (1980). In Developments in Food Colours —1 (ed J. Walford), Applied Science, London, p. 115.
Ueno, K. and Saito, N. (1977a), Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B 33, 111.
Ueno, K. and Saito, N. (1977b), Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B 33, 114.
Van Sumere, C.F., Vande Casteele, K., De Loose, R. and Heursel, J. (1984), Bull. Liaison Groupe Polyphénols 12, 53.
Van Sumere, C.F., Vande Casteele, K., De Loose, R. and Heursel, J. (1985). In The Biochemistry of Plant Phenolics (eds C.F. Van Sumere and P.J. Lea), C.arendon Press, Oxford, p. 17.
Williams, M. and Hrazdina, G. (1979), J. Food Sci. 44, 66.
Yasuda, H. (1971), Bot. Mag. Tokyo 84, 256.
Yazaki, Y. (1976), Bot. Mag. Tokyo 89, 45.
Yoshitama, K. and Hayashi, K. (1974), Bot. Mag. Tokyo 87, 33.
Yoshitama, K., Hayashi, K., Abe, K. and Kakisawa, H. (1975), Bot. Mag. Tokyo 88, 213.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brouillard, R. (1988). Flavonoids and flower colour. In: Harborne, J.B. (eds) The Flavonoids. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2913-6_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2913-6_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-412-28770-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2913-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive