Abstract
Fluorescence imaging techniques using green fluorescent protein (GFP) and related fluorescent proteins are utilized to monitor and analyze a wide range of biological processes in living cells. Stepwise photobleaching experiments can determine the stoichiometry of protein complexes. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments can reveal in vivo dynamics of biomolecules. In this chapter, we describe methods to detect the subcellular localization, stoichiometry, and turnovers of stator and rotor components of the Salmonella flagellar motor.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Berg HC (2003) The rotary motor of bacterial flagella. Annu Rev Biochem 72:19–54
Macnab RM (2003) How bacteria assemble flagella. Annu Rev Microbiol 57:77–100
Minamino T, Imada K, Namba K (2008) Molecular motors of the bacterial flagella. Curr Opin Struct Biol 18:693–701
Sowa Y, Berry RM (2008) Bacterial flagellar motor. Q Rev Biophys 41:103–132
Morimoto YV, Minamino T (2014) Structure and function of the bi-directional bacterial flagellar motor. Biomolecules 4:217–234
Minamino T, Imada K (2015) The bacterial flagellar motor and its str diversity. Trends Microbiol 23:267–274
Morimoto YV, Nakamura S, Kami-ike N, Namba K, Minamino T (2010) Charged residues in the cytoplasmic loop of MotA are required for stator assembly into the bacterial flagellar motor. Mol Microbiol 78:1117–1129
Morimoto YV, Nakamura S, Hiraoka KD, Namba K, Minamino T (2013) Distinct roles of highly conserved charged residues at the MotA-FliG interface in bacterial flagellar motor rotation. J Bacteriol 195:474–481
Kojima S, Nonoyama N, Takekawa N, Fukuoka H, Homma M (2011) Mutations targeting the C-terminal domain of FliG can disrupt motor assembly in the Na+-driven flagella of Vibrio alginolyticus. J Mol Biol 414:62–74
Takekawa N, Kojima S, Homma M (2014) Contribution of many charged residues at the stator-rotor interface of the Na+-driven flagellar motor to torque generation in Vibrio alginolyticus. J Bacteriol 196:1377–1385
Leake MC, Chandler JH, Wadhams GH, Bai F, Berry RM, Armitage JP (2006) Stoichiometry and turnover in single, functioning membrane protein complexes. Nature 443:355–358
Tipping MJ, Steel BC, Delalez NJ, Berry RM, Armitage JP (2013) Quantification of flagellar motor stator dynamics through in vivo proton-motive force control. Mol Microbiol 87:338–347
Lele PP, Hosu BG, Berg HC (2013) Dynamics of mechanosensing in the bacterial flagellar motor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:11839–11844
Tipping MJ, Delalez NJ, Lim R, Berry RM, Armitage JP (2013) Load-dependent assembly of the bacterial flagellar motor. mBio 24:e00551-13
Castillo DJ, Nakamura S, Morimoto YV, Che YS, Kamiike N, Kudo S, Minamino T, Namba K (2013) The C-terminal periplasmic domain of MotB is responsible for load-dependent control of the number of stators of the bacterial flagellar motor. Biophysics 9:173–181
Che YS, Nakamura S, Morimoto YV, Kami-ike N, Namba K, Minamino T (2014) Load-sensitive coupling of proton translocation and torque generation in the bacterial flagellar motor. Mol Microbiol 91:175–184
Fukuoka H, Inoue Y, Terasawa S, Takahashi H, Ishijima A (2010) Exchange of rotor components in functioning bacterial flagellar motor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 394:130–135
Delalez NJ, Wadhams GH, Rosser G, Xue Q, Brown MT, Dobbie IM, Berry RM, Leake MC, Armitage JP (2010) Signal-dependent turnover of the bacterial flagellar switch protein FliM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:11347–11351
Yuan J, Branch RW, Hosu BG, Berg HC (2012) Adaptation at the output of the chemotaxis signalling pathway. Nature 484:233–236
Lele PP, Branch RW, Nathan VS, Berg HC (2012) Mechanism for adaptive remodeling of the bacterial flagellar switch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:20018–20022
Delalez NJ, Berry RM, Armitage JP (2014) Stoichiometry and turnover of the bacterial flagellar switch protein FliN. mBio 5:e01216-14
Branch RW, Sayegh MN, Shen C, Nathan VS, Berg HC (2014) Adaptive remodelling by FliN in the bacterial rotary motor. J Mol Biol 426:3314–3324
Yamaguchi S, Fujita H, Sugata K, Taira T, Iino T (1984) Genetic analysis of H2, the structural gene for phase-2 flagellin in Salmonella. J Gen Microbiol 130:255–265
Morimoto YV, Ito M, Hiraoka KD, Che YS, Bai F, Kami-Ike N, Namba K, Minamino T (2014) Assembly and stoichiometry of FliF and FlhA in Salmonella flagellar basal body. Mol Microbiol 91:1214–1226
Bai F, Morimoto YV, Yoshimura SD, Hara N, Kami-Ike N, Namba K, Minamino T (2014) Assembly dynamics and the roles of FliI ATPase of the bacterial flagellar export apparatus. Sci Rep 4:6528
Nakamura S, Kami-ike N, Yokota JP, Minamino T, Namba K (2010) Evidence for symmetry in the elementary process of bidirectional torque generation by the bacterial flagellar motor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:17616–17620
Sowa Y, Rowe AD, Leake MC, Yakushi T, Homma M, Ishijima A, Berry RM (2005) Direct observation of steps in rotation of the bacterial flagellar motor. Nature 437:916–919
Svoboda K, Schmidt CF, Schnapp BJ, Block SM (1993) Direct observation of kinesin stepping by optical trapping interferometry. Nature 365:721–727
Acknowledgments
We thank Keiichi Namba, Nobunori Kami-ike, and Masahiro Ueda for continuous support and encouragement. This research has been supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP15K14498 and JP15H05593 (to Y.V.M.) and JP26293097 (to T.M.) and MEXT KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP15H01335 (to Y.V.M.) and JP25121718 (to T.M.).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Morimoto, Y.V., Minamino, T. (2017). Stoichiometry and Turnover of the Stator and Rotor. In: Minamino, T., Namba, K. (eds) The Bacterial Flagellum. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1593. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6927-2_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6927-2_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6926-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6927-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols