Skip to main content

Nonestrogen Alternatives for Menopause

  • Chapter
Menopause

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE,volume 18))

  • 159 Accesses

Abstract

Before considering estrogen alternatives, the relative and absolute contraindications to estrogen therapy should be considered. The scientific basis for them is limited and in many cases is nonexistent or there is evidence to the contrary.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Beex L, Pieters G, Smals A, Koenders A, Benraad T, Kloppenborg P. Tamoxifen versus ethinyl estradiol in the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Cancer Treatment Rep 1981; 65: 179–185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Creasman W. Estrogen replacement therapy: is previously treated cancer a contraindication? Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 308–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. DiSaia P. Hormone-replacement therapy in patients with breast cancer: a reappraisal. Cancer Suppl 1993; 71: 1490–1500.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Eden J, Bush T, Nand S, Wren B. A case-control study of combined continuous estrogen-progestin replacement therapy among women with a personal history of breast cancer. Menopause: JNAMS 1995;2:(2)67–72.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Lee R, Burke T, Park R. Estrogen replacement therapy following treatment for stage I endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1990; 36: 189–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Estrogen replacement therapy and endometrial cancer. Committe opinion: committee on gynecologic practice 1995; 126.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Chapman JA, DiSaia PJ, Osann K, Roth PD, Gillotte DL, Berman ML. Estrogen replacement in surgical stage I and II endometrial cancer survisors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 1195–1200.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Devor M, Barrett-Connor E, Renvall M, Feigal D, Ramsdell J. Estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of venous thrombosis. Am J Med 1992; 92: 275–282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. The Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Surgically confirmed gallbladder disease, venous thromboembolism, and breast tumors in relation to postmenopausal estrogen therapy. N Engl J Med 1974; 290: 15–19.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Nachtigall L, Nachtigall R, Nachtigall R, Beckman E Estrogen replacement therapy II: a prospective study in the relationship to carcinoma and cardiovascular and metabolic problems. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 54: 74–79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Petitti DB, Wingerd J, Pellegrin F, Ramcharan S. Risk of vascular disease in women: smoking, oral contraceptives, noncontraceptive estrogens, and other factors. JAMA 1979; 242: 1150–1154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jick H, Derby L, Myers M, Vasilakis C, Newton K. Risk of hospital admission for idiopathic venous thromboembolism among users of postmenopausal oestrogens. Lancet 1996; 348: 981–983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Daly E, Vessey M, Hawkins M, Carson J, Gough P, Marsh S. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet 1996; 348: 977–980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Goldhaber SZ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, et al. Prospective study of exogenous hormones and risk of pulmonary embolism in women. Lancet 1996; 348: 983–987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gutthann SP, Rodriguez LA, Castellsague J, Oliart AD. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolis: population based case-control study. BMJ 1997; 314: 796–800.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Pabinger, I, Schneider B. Thrombotic risk of women with hereditary antithrombin III protein C- and protein s-deficiency taking oral contraceptive medication. The GTH Study Group on Natural Inhibitors. Thromb Haemostas 1994; 71: 548–552.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Rintelen C, Mannhalter C, Ireland H, Lane D, Knobl P, Lechner K, et al. Oral contraceptives enhance the risk of clinical manifestation of venous thrombosis at a young age in females homozygous for factor V Leiden. Br J Haematol 1996; 93: 487–490.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Weitz I, Isreal V, Liebman H. Tamoxifen-associated venous thrombosis and activated protein C resistance due to factor V Leiden. Cancer 1997; 79: 2024–2027.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Albrecht B, Schiff I, Tulinchinsky D, Ryan K. Objective evidence that placebo and oral medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy diminish menopausal vasomotor flushes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 136: 361.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Morrison J, Martin D, Blair R, Anderson G. The use of medroxyprogesterone acetate for relief of climacteric symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lobo R, McCormic W, Singer F, Roy S. Depomedroxyprogesterone acetate compared with conjugated estrogens for the treatment of postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 63: 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Smith JA. A prospective comparison of treatments for symptomatic hot flushes following endocrine therapy for carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1994; 152: 132–134.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Loprinzi CL, Michalak JC, Quella SK, O’Fallon JR, Hatfield AK, Nelimark RA, et al. Megestrol acetate for the prevention of hot flashes. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 347–352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gambrell R. Clinical use of progestins in the menopausal patient. J Reprod Med 1983; 27: 531.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Foster G, Zacur H, Rock J Hot flushes in postmenopausal women ameliorated by danazol. Fertil Steril 1985; 43: 401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Laufer L, Erlik Y, Meldrum D, Judd H. Effect of clonidine on hot flashes in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 60: 583.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Nagamani M, Kelver M, Smith E. Treatment of menopausal hot flashes with transdermal administration of clonidine. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 561.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Nesheim B, Saetre T. Reduction of menopausal hot flushes by methyldopa. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 20: 413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bergmans M, Merkins J, Corbey R, Schellekens L. Effect of Bellergal Retard on climacteric complaints: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Maturitas 1987; 9: 227–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Cauley JA, Thompson DE, Nevitt MC, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet 1996; 348: 1535–1541.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hosking D, McConnell M, Ravn P, Wasnich D, Thompson M, Daley M, et al. Alendronate in the prevention of osteoporosis: EPIC study two-year results. Am Soc Bone Mineral Res 1996;1996 Ann Meet.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Rimmer DE, Rawls DE. Improper alendronate administration and a case of pill esophagitis [Letter]. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 2648–2649.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Watts N, Harris S, Genant H, Wasnich R. Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 7379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Fornander T, Rutqvist L, Wilking N, Carlstrom K, von Schoultz B. Oestrogenic effects of adjuvant tamoxifen in postmenopausal breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1993;29A:(4)497–500.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Draper M, Flowers D, Huster W, Neild J, Harper K, Arnaud C. A controlled trial of rolaxifene (LY 139481) HC 1: impact on bone turnover and serum lipid profile in healthy postmenopausal women. J Bone Mineral Res 1996; 11: 835–842.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ayalon J, Simkin A, Leichter, I, Raifmann S. Dynamic bone loading exercises for postmenopausal women: effect on the density of the distal radius. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1987; 68: 280.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. White M, Martin R, Yeater R. The effects of exercise on the bones of postmenopausal women. Int Orthoped 1984; 7: 209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Krolner B, Toft B, Nielsen S, Tondevold E. Physical exercise as prophylaxis against involutional vertebral bone loss: a controlled trial. Clin Sci 1983; 64: 541.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Stevenson J, Whitehead M, Padwick M, Endacott J, Sutton C, Banks L, et al. Dietary intake of calcium and postmenopausal bone loss. BMJ 1988; 297: 15–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Dawson-Hughes B. Calcium supplementation and bone loss: a review of controlled clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 51: 274S - 280S.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Postmenopausal bone loss is prevented by treatment with low-dosage estrogen with calcium. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 40–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Riffs B, Thomsen K, Christiansen C. Does calcium supplementation prevent postmenopausal bone loss? N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Michaelsson R, Bergstron R, Holmberg L, Mallmin H, Wolk A, Ljunghall S. A high dietary calcium intake is needed for a positive effect on bone density in Swedish postmenopausal women. Osteopor Internat 1997; 7: 155–161.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Riggs B, Hodgson S, O’ Fallon W, Chao E. Effect of fluoride treatment of the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 802.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Pak C, Sakhaee K, Adams-Huet B, Piziak, V, Peterson R, Poindexter J. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with slow-release sodium fluoride–final report of a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123: 401–408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Maclntyre, I, Whitehead M, Banks L, Stevenson J. Calcitonin for prevention of postmenopausal bone loss. Lancet 1988; 900.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Lindheim S, Notelovitz M, Feldman E, Larsen S, Kahn F, Lobo R. The independent effects of exercise and estrogen on lipids and lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 167–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wiseman H, Cannon M, Arnstein HR, Barlow DJ. The structural minicry of membrane sterols by tamoxifen: evidence from cholesterol coefficients and molecular-modelling for its action as a membrane anti-oxidant and an anti-cancer agent. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1138: 197–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. McDonald CC, Alexander FE, Whyte BW, Forrest AP, Stewart HJ. Cardiac and vascular morbidity in women receiving adjuvant tamosifen for breast cancer in a randomised trial. The Scottish Cancer Trials Breast Gourp. BMJ 1995; 311: 977–980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Elisaf M, Bairaktari E, Nicolaides C, Fountzilas G, Tzallas C, Siamopoulos K, et al. The beneficial effect of tamoxifen on serum lipoprotein-A levels: an additional anti-atherogenic property. Anticancer Res 1996; 16: 2725–2728.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Sherwin B. Estrogen and/or androgen replacement therapy and cognitive functioning in surgically menopausal women. Pschoneuroendocrinol 1988; 13: 345–357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. McDonald C, Stewart H. Fatal myocardial infarction in the Scottish adjuvant tamoxifen trial. BMJ 1991; 303: 435–437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Rutqvist LE, Mattsson A. Cardiac and thromboembolic morbidity among postmenopausal women with early stage breast cancer in a randomized trial of adjuvant tamoxifen. J Nat Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 1398–1406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Costantino J, Kuller L, Ives D, Fisher B, Dignam J. Coronary heart disease mortality and adjavant tamoxifen therapy. J Nat Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 776–782.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Clarkson TB, Anthony MS, Jerome CP. Lack of effect of raloxifene on coronary artery atherosclerosis of postmenopausal monkeys. J Clin Endo Metab 1988; 83 (3): 721–726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Sullivan J, Zwaag R, Hughes J, Maddock, V, Kroetz F, Ramanathan K, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary artery disease: effect on survival in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 2557–2562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas R, Klauber M, Schafer K, Grunduran M, et al. A controlled trial of Selegiline, Alpha-Tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheier’s disease. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1216–1222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Rich J, Rasmusson D, Folstein M, Carson K, Kawas C, Brandt J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1995; 45: 51–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Chowen J, Torres-Aleman, I, Garcia-Segura L. Trophic effects of estradiol on fetal rat hypothalamic neurons. Neuroendocrinology 1992; 56: 895–901.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Thorneycroft, I.H. (1999). Nonestrogen Alternatives for Menopause. In: Seifer, D.B., Kennard, E.A. (eds) Menopause. Contemporary Endocrinology, vol 18. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-246-3_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-246-3_11

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-129-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-246-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics