Skip to main content

Simulating Kilobots Within ARGoS: Models and Experimental Validation

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Swarm Intelligence (ANTS 2018)

Abstract

The Kilobot is a popular platform for swarm robotics research due to its low cost and ease of manufacturing. Despite this, the effort to bootstrap the design of new behaviours and the time necessary to develop and debug new behaviours is considerable. To make this process less burdensome, high-performing and flexible simulation tools are important. In this paper, we present a plugin for the ARGoS simulator designed to simplify and accelerate experimentation with Kilobots. First, the plugin supports cross-compiling against the real robot platform, removing the need to translate algorithms across different languages. Second, it is highly configurable to match the real robot behaviour. Third, it is fast and allows running simulations with several hundreds of Kilobots in a fraction of real time. We present the design choices that drove our work and report on experiments with physical robots performed to validate simulated behaviours.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Kilobots are open-hardware and in Europe are produced and sold by K-Team Corporation (see https://www.k-team.com).

References

  1. Becker, A., Habibi, G., Werfel, J., Rubenstein, M., McLurkin, J.: Massive uniform manipulation: controlling large populations of simple robots with a common input signal. In: 2013 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 520–527. IEEE (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bongard, J., Zykov, V., Lipson, H.: Resilient machines through continuous self-modeling. Science 314(5802), 1118–1121 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Brambilla, M., Ferrante, E., Birattari, M., Dorigo, M.: Swarm robotics: a review from the swarm engineering perspective. Swarm Intell. 7(1), 1–41 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bredeche, N., Haasdijk, E., Prieto, A.: Embodied evolution in collective robotics: a review. Front. Robot. AI 5, 12 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Dimidov, C., Oriolo, G., Trianni, V.: Random walks in swarm robotics: an experiment with kilobots. In: Dorigo, M. (ed.) ANTS 2016. LNCS, vol. 9882, pp. 185–196. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44427-7_16

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  6. Font Llenas, A., Talamali, M.S., Xu, X., Marshall, J.A.R., Reina, A.: Quality-sensitive foraging by a robot swarm through virtual pheromone trails. In: Dorigo, M., et al. (ed.) Swarm Intelligence (ANTS 2018), LNCS, vol. 11172, pp. X-XY. Springer, Heidelberg (2018). In press

    Google Scholar 

  7. Francesca, G., Birattari, M.: Automatic design of robot swarms: achievements and challenges. Front. Robot. AI 3, 224–9 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Francesca, G., Brambilla, M., Brutschy, A., Trianni, V., Birattari, M.: AutoMoDe: a novel approach to the automatic design of control software for robot swarms. Swarm Intell. 8(2), 89–112 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Halme, A.: Kilobot app–a kilobot simulator and swarm pattern designer. https://github.com/ajhalme/kbsim (2012). Accessed 20 Apr 2018

  10. Jakobi, N.: Evolutionary robotics and the radical envelope-of-noise hypothesis. Adapt. Behav. 6(2), 325 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Jakobi, N., Husbands, P., Harvey, I.: Noise and the reality gap: the use of simulation in evolutionary robotics. In: Morán, F., Moreno, A., Merelo, J.J., Chacón, P. (eds.) ECAL 1995. LNCS, vol. 929, pp. 704–720. Springer, Heidelberg (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-59496-5_337

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Jansson, F., et al.: Kilombo: a Kilobot simulator to enable effective research in swarm robotics. arXiv.org:1511.04285 (2015)

  13. Li, W., Gauci, M., Gross, R.: Turing learning: a metric-free approach to inferring behavior and its application to swarms. Swarm Intell. 10(3), 211–243 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Luke, S., Cioffi-Revilla, C., Panait, L., Sullivan, K., Balan, G.: MASON: a multiagent simulation environment. Simulation 81(7), 517–527 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Miglino, O., Lund, H.H., Nolfi, S.: Evolving mobile robots in simulated and real environments. Artif. Life 2(4), 417–434 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mondada, F., et al.: SWARM-BOT: a new distributed robotic concept. Auton. Robots 17(2), 193–221 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Pinciroli, C., et al.: ARGoS: a modular, parallel, multi-engine simulator for multi-robot systems. Swarm Intell. 6(4), 271–295 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Reina, A., Cope, A.J., Nikolaidis, E., Marshall, J.A.R., Sabo, C.: ARK: augmented Reality for Kilobots. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 2(3), 1755–1761 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Rohmer, E., Singh, S.P.N., Freese, M.: V-REP: a versatile and scalable robot simulation framework. In: 2013 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 1321–1326 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Rubenstein, M., Ahler, C., Hoff, N., Cabrera, A., Nagpal, R.: Kilobot: a low cost robot with scalable operations designed for collective behaviors. Robot. Auton. Syst. 62(7), 966–975 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Rubenstein, M., Cabrera, A., Werfel, J., Habibi, G., McLurkin, J., Nagpal, R.: Collective transport of complex objects by simple robots: theory and experiments. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2013), pp. 47–54. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Rubenstein, M., Cornejo, A., Nagpal, R.: Programmable self-assembly in a thousand-robot swarm. Science 345(6198), 795–799 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Trianni, V., Dorigo, M.: Self-organisation and communication in groups of simulated and physical robots. Biol. Cybern. 95(3), 213–231 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Valentini, G., et al.: Kilogrid: a novel experimental environment for the Kilobot robot. Swarm Intell. 4(4), 1–22 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant 647704 to James Marshall. Vito Trianni acknowledges support from the project DICE (FP7 Marie Curie Career Integration Grant, ID: 631297). The authors thank Alex Cope for assistance in the preparation of Fig. 3.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carlo Pinciroli .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Pinciroli, C., Talamali, M.S., Reina, A., Marshall, J.A.R., Trianni, V. (2018). Simulating Kilobots Within ARGoS: Models and Experimental Validation. In: Dorigo, M., Birattari, M., Blum, C., Christensen, A., Reina, A., Trianni, V. (eds) Swarm Intelligence. ANTS 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11172. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00533-7_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00533-7_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-00532-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-00533-7

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics