Abstract
This expository text is about using toric geometry and mirror symmetry for evaluating Feynman integrals. We show that the maximal cut of a Feynman integral is a GKZ hypergeometric series. We explain how this allows to determine the minimal differential operator acting on the Feynman integrals. We illustrate the method on sunset integrals in two dimensions at various loop orders. The graph polynomials of the multi-loop sunset Feynman graphs lead to reflexive polytopes containing the origin and the associated variety are ambient spaces for Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces. Therefore the sunset family is a natural home for mirror symmetry techniques. We review the evaluation of the two-loop sunset integral as an elliptic dilogarithm and as a trilogarithm. The equivalence between these two expressions is a consequence of (1) the local mirror symmetry for the non-compact Calabi-Yau three-fold obtained as the anti-canonical hypersurface of the del Pezzo surface of degree 6 defined by the sunset graph polynomial and (2) that the sunset Feynman integral is expressed in terms of the local Gromov-Witten prepotential of this del Pezzo surface.
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Notes
- 1.
An ideal I of a ring R, is the subset \(I\subset R\), such that 1) \(0\in I\), 2) for all \(a, b\in I\) then \(a+b\in I\), 3) for \(a\in I\) and \(b\in R\), \(a\cdot b\in R\). For \(P(x_1,\dots ,x_n)\) an homogeneous polynomial in \(R=\mathbb C[x_1,\dots ,x_n]\) the Jacobian ideal of P is the ideal generated by the first partial derivative \(\{\partial _{x_i} P(x_1,\dots ,x_n)\}\) [39]. Given a multivariate polynomial \(P(x_1,\dots ,x_n)\) its Jacobian ideal is easily evaluated using Singular command jacob(P). The hypersuface \(P(x_1,\cdots ,x_n)=0\) for an homogeneous polynomial, like the Symanzik polynomials, is of codimension 1 in the projective space \(\mathbb P^{n-1}\). The singularities of the hypersurface are determined by the irreducible factors of the polynomial. This determines the cohomology of the complement of the graph hypersurface and the number of independent master integrals as shown in [40].
- 2.
Consider an homogeneous polynomial of degree d
$$P(\underline{z},\underline{x})=\sum _{0\le r_i\le n\atop r_1+\cdots +r_n=d}z_{i_1,\dots ,i_n}\prod _{i=1}^n x_i^{r_i}$$this is called a toric polynomial if it is invariant under the following actions
$$ z_i \rightarrow \prod _{j=1}^n t_i^{\alpha _{ij}} z_i; \qquad x_i\rightarrow \prod _{j=1}^n t_i^{\beta _{ij}} x_i $$for \((t_1,\dots ,t_n)\in \mathbb C^n\) and \(\alpha _{ij}\) and \(\beta _{ij}\) integers. The second Symanzik polynomial have a natural torus action acting on the mass parameters and the kinematic variables as we will see on some examples below. We refer to the book [39] for more details.
- 3.
- 4.
This quantity is the usual Yukawa coupling of particle physics and string theory compactification. The Yukawa coupling is determined geometrically by the integral of the wedge product of differential forms over particular cycles [57]. The Yukawa couplings which depend non-trivially on the internal geometry appear naturally in the differential equations satisfied by the periods of the underlying geometry as explained for instance in these reviews [46, 58].
- 5.
The Jacobi theta functions are defined by \(\theta _2(q):=2q^{1\over 8}\prod _{n\ge 1} (1-q^n)(1+q^n)^2\), \(\theta _3(q):= \prod _{n\ge 1}(1-q^n)(1+q^{n-\frac{1}{2}})^2\) and \(\theta _4(q):=\prod _{n\ge 1}(1-q^n)(1-q^{n-\frac{1}{2}})^2\).
- 6.
A del Pezzo surface is a two-dimensional Fano variety. A Fano variety is a complete variety whose anti-canonical bundle is ample. The anti-canonical bundle of a non-singular algebraic variety of dimension n is the line bundle defined as the nth exterior power of the inverse of the cotangent bundle. An ample line bundle is a bundle with enough global sections to set up an embedding of its base variety or manifold into projective space.
- 7.
The graph polynomial (47) for higher loop sunset graphs defines Fano variety, which is as well a Calabi-Yau manifold.
- 8.
- 9.
Feynman integrals are period integrals of mixed Hodge structures [26, 71]. At a singular point some cycles of integration vanish, the so-called vanishing cycles, and the limiting behaviour of the period integral is captured by the asymptotic behaviour of the cohomological Hodge theory. The asymptotic Hodge theory inherit some filtration and weight structure of the original Hodge theory.
- 10.
It has been already noticed in [74] the special role played by the Mahler measure and mirror symmetry.
- 11.
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Acknowledgements
It is a pleasure to thank Charles Doran and Albrecht Klemm for discussions. The research of P. Vanhove has received funding the ANR grant “Amplitudes” ANR-17- CE31-0001-01, and is partially supported by Laboratory of Mirror Symmetry NRU HSE, RF Government grant, ag. N\(^\circ \) 14.641.31.0001.
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Vanhove, P. (2019). Feynman Integrals, Toric Geometry and Mirror Symmetry. In: Blümlein, J., Schneider, C., Paule, P. (eds) Elliptic Integrals, Elliptic Functions and Modular Forms in Quantum Field Theory. Texts & Monographs in Symbolic Computation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04480-0_17
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