Abstract
A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer cells’ ability to evade and suppress the immune system have led to the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies that act to promote an effective antitumor immune response. CTLA-4 inhibitors, such as ipilimumab, and PD-1 inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, have revolutionized the treatment of advanced melanoma, leading to dramatically improved patient outcomes and introducing the possibility of long-term survival. These agents are associated with response rates that range from 10% to 60%. While this represents a substantial improvement over standard cytotoxic chemotherapy, there is still a large subset of patients that exhibit either primary or secondary resistance to this treatment strategy. This chapter outlines the potential mechanisms behind resistance to checkpoint blockade, including factors involved in T-cell activation and recruitment as well as elements of the tumor microenvironment that play critical roles in effector T-cell function.
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Weppler, A., Lau, P., McArthur, G.A. (2020). Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma. In: Balch, C., et al. Cutaneous Melanoma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05070-2_39
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05070-2_39
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Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05068-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-05070-2
eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine