Abstract
In this chapter social, demographic, and employment profiles of labor migrants from the CIS countries and Georgia who are present at the Russian labor market currently. The principal attention is paid to the labor mobility in the aspect of types of economic activities and occupations and in the aspect of their vertical mobility according to the EGP classification. Coming to the Russian labor market migrants with experience of work are forced to change the type of economic activity and occupation. Change of job in Russia promotes upward mobility along the extent of adaptation. However, such lucky people constitute the minority. And downward mobility is specific for all groups of migrants. Neither specific skills nor knowledge of foreign laborers possess are not sought out at the Russian labor market. Particularly disturbing are the scales of foreign laborers’ “over-qualification,” a considerable part of whom are engaged at jobs that make no demand to laborer’s skill. Creation of elevators for labor migrants’ upward mobility, with taking into due attention their vocational training and skills, is in interest of not only all actors of the labor market but of the Russian society at large for it is interested in intelligible integration policy.
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Notes
- 1.
The foreign citizens’ access to the Russian labor market is regulated by their legal status (permit for temporary staying, permit for temporary residence, residence permit), by country of citizenship (citizens of the CIS countries enjoy some preferences, citizens of the European-Asian Economic Union (hereinafter referred to as the EAEU) enjoy extended preferences, citizens of Byelorussia who enjoy rights of the Russian citizens) as well as by regulation of a specific constituent part of the Russian Federation.
- 2.
Permit for work for citizens of the CIS countries that are not members of the EAEU.
- 3.
The All-Russian classification of economic activity types (RCEA 2014), the Russian analog of Statistical Classification of Economic Activities (NACE Rev.2) has been used.
- 4.
The Russian Classification of Occupations (RCO 2014), the Russian version of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08) has been used.
- 5.
Foreign laborers who have higher education and incomplete higher education.
- 6.
People with high education among engaged persons of 17–72 years old. Sample of LFS volume in 2017 is 924 thousand persons older than 15 years.
- 7.
According to the ILO criteria, in group of 15–72 years old.
- 8.
I can only assume that such process is going on: samples of different years are adduced along the single procedure but do not pretend to representativeness.
- 9.
According to the approach developed by ILO and OECD foreign citizens who have higher and incomplete higher education belong to highly skilled migrants. Jobs that correspond to such education level belong to groups 1–3 of ISCO-08. Migrants with secondary education or higher level of education (but lower than incomplete higher education) belong to persons of intermediate skills and their jobs belong to groups 4–8 of ISCO-08. Persons who have no secondary education belong to migrants of lower skills. Their education corresponds to jobs of the 9th group of ISCO-08. Irrespective of education level all labor migrants also have to meet the following requirements: (a) They have to work and to be ready to work; (b) They are to be younger than 65 years.
- 10.
At the same time so called “over-qualification” comes around, when highly skilled migrants who are to be engaged in groups 1–3 according to ISCO-08, where their skills and knowledge can be demanded, are engaged in groups 4–9 at the working places that do not demand high skills. The level of “over-qualification” at the Russian labor market among migrants exceeds 80%.
- 11.
Except those who have the Russian citizenship.
- 12.
38.9% of migrants could retain their occupation at the first track (Motherland/first coming to Russia), and 52.0% of migrants did the same at the second track (first job in Russia/present job in Russia).
- 13.
Except specified cases when seven-class version was used. Class titles are given in abridged form.
- 14.
Survey of migrants and Russian workers employed at the same jobs demonstrated that work schedule and duration of work of migrants might differ from respective characteristics that are typical for Russian workers due to discrimination of migrants as well as due to different priorities of these two groups of workers. For migrants earnings are more important and they may sacrifice conditions, character, and duration of work for greater earnings (CSLR 2013).
- 15.
The role of education should be taken into account: migrants who lose their status in result of job change are always better educated than those whose positions remain unchanged, i.e., the same and in particular those who came from worse jobs.
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Mukomel, V.I. (2020). Labor Mobility of Migrants from the Post-Soviet Expanse States at the Russian Labor Market. In: Denisenko, M., Strozza, S., Light, M. (eds) Migration from the Newly Independent States. Societies and Political Orders in Transition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36075-7_9
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