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European International Law Traditions pp 217–244Cite as

Exploring Belgian and Dutch “Traditions” in International Law

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Abstract

Can two small European countries surrounded by nations who shaped international law have an international law tradition of their own? Studying the example of Belgium and the Netherlands in this regard is an interesting way to look at the European tradition from a different perspective. By looking at the lives and work of Belgian and Dutch scholars and practitioners, it becomes clear that these countries have a rich international law tradition of their own, which exerted and continues to exert a significant influence on this area of law. This tradition, linked to their history, and also to their geography and their culture, is mostly shaped by the determination and passion of these scholars and practitioners.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For a comparison between Belgium and Switzerland, two countries which share interesting linguistic and federal features, see Jan Wouters, Sven Van Kerckhoven and Maarten Vidal, ‘The Dynamics of Federalism: Belgium and Switzerland’, in Amin Saikal (ed.), Weak States, Strong Societies in World Politics (Boulder: Lynne Rienner 2015) 38-58.

  2. 2.

    See for example Vincent Genin, Le laboratoire belge du droit international: une communauté épistémique et internationale de juristes (1869-1914), (Brussels: Académie Royale de Belgique 2018).

  3. 3.

    The ILA was initially called ‘Association for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations’ and changed its name to International Law Association in 1895: see Ruth Frendo, ‘Archives of the International Law Association’, available at https://ila.vettoreweb.com.

  4. 4.

    Irwin Abrams, ‘The Emergence of the International Law Societies’ (1957) 19 Review of Politics 361.

  5. 5.

    See Vincent Genin, ‘L’institutionnalisation du droit international comme phénomène transnational (1869-1873). Les réseaux européens de Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns’ (2016) 18 Journal of the History of International Law 181-196.

  6. 6.

    The ‘perpetual neutrality’ of Belgium was a requirement laid down in Article VII of the 1839 Treaty of London (also called the First Treaty of London or the Treaty of the XXIV Articles). See inter alia Albert Geouffre De Lapradelle, ‘The Neutrality of Belgium’ (1914) 200 North American Review 847-857.

  7. 7.

    Abrams (n 4) 372.

  8. 8.

    Dirk Heirbaut and Matthias E. Storme, ‘The Belgian Legal Tradition: From a Long Quest for Legal Independence to a Longing for Dependence?’ (2006) 5/6 European Review of Private Law 645, at 668.

  9. 9.

    Rolin-Jaequemyns’ main publications include ‘De l’étude de la législation comparée et de droit international’ (1869) 1 Revue de droit international et de législation comparée 1-17 (partie 1), and 225-243 (partie 2) and La guerre actuelle dans ses rapports avec le droit international (Ghent: Van Doosselaere 1870).

  10. 10.

    Martti Koskenniemi, ‘Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns and the Establishment of the Institut de Droit International’ (2004) 37 Revue belge de droit international 5, at 6.

  11. 11.

    Jean Salmon, ‘Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns’, in Institut de droit international (ed.), Livre du Centenaire 1873-1973. Evolution et perspectives du droit international (Basel: Karger 1973), 104.

  12. 12.

    Ibid.

  13. 13.

    Koskenniemi (n 10) 7.

  14. 14.

    Salmon (n 11) 105. See also Walter E. J. Tips, Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns and the Making of Modern Siam: The Diaries and Letters of King Chulalongkorn’s General Adviser (Bangkok: Cheney: White Lotus 1996).

  15. 15.

    Salmon (n 11) 106-107.

  16. 16.

    Koskenniemi (n 10) 7.

  17. 17.

    Martti Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2002) 16.

  18. 18.

    Salmon (n 11) 104. See also Vincent Genin, Incarner le droit international. Du mythe juridique au déclassement international de la Belgique (1914-1940) (Brussels: Peter Lang 2018) 69: ‘une famille dont la réputation, confinée à une sphère choisie d’intellectuels et de juristes, avant 1914, accède, en 1917-1918, à une notoriété plus publique. D’une certaine manière, l’individu de cette famille est systématiquement réduit à son patronyme, et bénéficie, ou souffre, d’un phénomène épique.’ It can be added that the daughter of Emmanuel Rolin, Marie-Emilie Rolin Jaequemyns, was married with Georges van Hecke, professor of private international law at KU Leuven.

  19. 19.

    De Laveleye’s main writings include Des causes de la guerre actuelle en Europe et de l’arbitrage (Brussels 1873); Les actes de la Conférence de Bruxelles et la participation de la Belgique à la Conférence de Saint-Pétersbourg (Brussels: Muquardt 1875); ‘La neutralité du Congo’ (1883) 15 Revue de droit international et de législation comparée 17-25; and, as said, Le gouvernement dans la démocratie (Paris: Alcan 1891).

  20. 20.

    Alphonse Rivier, ‘Emile de Laveleye’, in Institut de droit international, Livre du Centenaire 1873-1973. Evolution et perspectives du droit international. (Bâle: S. Karger 1973) 74.

  21. 21.

    Rivier (n 20) 75.

  22. 22.

    Rivier (n 20) 76-77.

  23. 23.

    Emile de Laveleye, Le Gouvernement dans la Démocratie, Tome Premier (Paris: Alcan 1896) 68. Translation by the authors.

  24. 24.

    Descamps’ most famous publications include L’Afrique nouvelle (1903); La neutralité de la Belgique au point de vue historique, diplomatique, juridique et politique; étude sur la constitution des états pacifiques à titre permanent (Brussels: Veuve F. Larcier 1902); L’avenir de l’Albanie (Leuven: Peeters 1913); and ‘Le droit international nouveau: l’influence de la condamnation de la guerre sur l’évolution juridique internationale’ (1930) 31 Recueil des Cours 393-559.

  25. 25.

    ‘Descamps’, in Académie Royale de Belgique, Biographie Nationale, Tome Quarante-et-Unième, Supplément, Tome XIII (Fascicule 1er) (Brussels: Bruylant 1979) 201-202. The same assessment is to be found in Koskenniemi’s article about Rolin-Jaequemyns: “In 1869 […] there were almost no university chairs in the discipline in Europe. By 1891 […] international law was a standard part of the curriculum”, Koskenniemi (n 10) 10.

  26. 26.

    Académie Royale de Belgique (n 25) 224.

  27. 27.

    See for example his book L’Afrique nouvelle (Paris: Hachette 1903). See also Koskenniemi (n 17) 162.

  28. 28.

    Académie Royale de Belgique (n 25) 204-205.

  29. 29.

    Académie Royale de Belgique (n 25) 205-206.

  30. 30.

    Académie Royale de Belgique (n 25) 224. Translation by the authors (“protagoniste d’une organisation internationale reposant sur la solidarité et l’interdépendance des nations, confiant dans le règne du Droit auquel il assignait une mission civilisatrice primordiale, Descamps ne fut ni un pacifiste vertueux ni un mondialiste naïf”).

  31. 31.

    Philippe Couvreur, ‘Charles de Visscher and International Justice’ (2000) 11 European Journal of International Law 905, at 907.

  32. 32.

    Académie Royale de Belgique (n 25) 229. See also Koskenniemi (n 27) 161-162. See the many references to the role of Descamps with regard to general principles at the time of the drafting of the Statute of the PCIJ in Mads Andenas, Malgosia Fitzmaurice, Attila Tanzi and Jan Wouters (eds.), General Principles of Law and the Coherence of International Law (Leiden: Brill 2019), at 14, 24, 80, 117, 415, 421, 448.

  33. 33.

    Académie Royale de Belgique (n 25) 229.

  34. 34.

    Académie Royale de Belgique (n 25) 226 et seq.

  35. 35.

    De Visscher’s main publications include Théories et Réalités en Droit International (Paris: Pedone 1953); Les effectivités du droit international public (Paris: Pedone 1967); Problèmes de confins en droit international public (Paris: Pedone 1969); De l’équité dans le règlement arbitral ou judiciaire des litiges de droit international (Paris: Pedone 1972); and ‘Méthode et système en droit international’ (1973-I) 138 Recueil des Cours 75-79.

  36. 36.

    François Rigaux, ‘An Exemplary Lawyer’s Life (1884-1973)’ (2000) 11 European Journal of International Law 877, at 878. See also Charles Rousseau, ‘Charles de Visscher’ (1973) 77 Revue générale de droit international public 5-15.

  37. 37.

    ‘Des fondations en droit international privé. A propos de la Fondation de Niederfüllbach’ (1913) 9 Revue de droit international privé et de droit pénal international.

  38. 38.

    Rigaux (n 36) 880.

  39. 39.

    Ibid., i.e. the 1839 Treaty of London (n 6). See for example Charles de Visscher, La Belgique et les juristes allemands (Lausanne and Paris: Payot et Cie. 1916). See also Joe Verhoeven, ‘Charles de Visscher: Living and Thinking International Law’ (2000) 11 European Journal of International Law 887, at 889; Henri Rolin, ‘In Memoriam Charles de Visscher’ (1973) Revue belge de droit international i, at ii; Genin (n 18) 76. On the issue of Belgian neutrality, see also the book written by Descamps, La neutralité de la Belgique (n 24) and Frederik Dhondt, ‘La neutralité permanente de la Belgique et l’histoire du droit international: quelques jalons pour la recherche’ (2018) C@hiers du CRHIDI (on-line) Vol. 41 available at https://popups.uliege.be:443/1370-2262/index.php?id=614.

  40. 40.

    Rigaux (n 36) 881. See also Verhoeven (n 39) 889.

  41. 41.

    Rigaux (n 36) 881.

  42. 42.

    Rigaux (n 36) 882.

  43. 43.

    Ibid.

  44. 44.

    In 1930, the University of Ghent was the first Belgian university replacing French with Dutch as its official language. See ‘History of Ghent University’, available at: https://www.ugent.be/en/ghentuniv/organization/presentation/history.htm.

  45. 45.

    Rigaux (n 36) 881.

  46. 46.

    Rigaux (n 36) 882.

  47. 47.

    Ibid.

  48. 48.

    Ibid.

  49. 49.

    For an overview of his work in both the PCIJ and ICJ, see Couvreur (n 31).

  50. 50.

    Ganshof van der Meersch, ‘Notice sur Charles de Visscher’, in Académie Royale de Belgique, Annuaire (Brussels 1981) 28.

  51. 51.

    Rolin (n 39) iii.

  52. 52.

    Rigaux, for example, divides de Visscher’s life in two periods: before and after his mandates as judge in the PCIJ and the ICJ. See Rigaux (n 36) 884. See also Rolin (n 39) iii; Verhoeven (n 39) 894.

  53. 53.

    Rigaux (n 36) 883.

  54. 54.

    Charles De Visscher, ‘The Permanent Court of International Justice and its Contribution to the Development of International Law’ (1936) 22 Bulletin de la Classe des Lettres (5th series) quoted in Rigaux (n 36) 883.

  55. 55.

    Pierre-Marie Dupuy, ‘The European Tradition in International Law: Charles de Visscher. By Way of an Introduction’ (2000) 11 European Journal of International Law 871, at 871. See also Antonio Truyol y Serra, Histoire du droit international public (Paris: Economica 1995) 162-163.

  56. 56.

    E/CN.4/40, written for the 1947 Lausanne Meeting of the Institut, available in English and French at https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/561198; see also Annuaire de l’Institut de droit international (1947) 1-13.

  57. 57.

    Rigaux (n 36) 884.

  58. 58.

    Dupuy (n 55) 873.

  59. 59.

    Rigaux (n 36) 886.

  60. 60.

    Dupuy (n 55) 871 and 874.

  61. 61.

    For the reference to the original French edition, see n 34; for the English version, see Charles de Visscher, Theory and Reality in International Law (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1957), translated from the French by Percy Ellwood Corbett.

  62. 62.

    Dupuy (n 55) 873.

  63. 63.

    Ibid.

  64. 64.

    Verhoeven (n 39) 897. See also Dupuy (n 55) 874: “‘well-tempered’ doctrine, ever hostile to the excesses of radical systematization and careful to draw lessons from the concrete relationships that law maintains with politics”; and Rolin (n 39) iv: “l’apport de Charles de Visscher à la science du droit international me parait avoir essentiellement consisté en une constante méditation sur le processus de formation ou de transformation du droit positif et sur les méthodes susceptibles de parer à ses déficiences et d’amener son amélioration”.

  65. 65.

    Joe Verhoeven, ‘In Memoriam Paul de Visscher (1916-1996)’ (1996) Revue belge de droit international 347-353.

  66. 66.

    Space does not allow us to elaborate on all distinguished faculty members of the Université Libre de Bruxelles in the area of international law: see, for instance, for Alphonse Rivier, Ernest Nys and Maurice Bourquin, the very informative overviews on http://cdi.ulb.ac.be/a-propos-du-centre/historique/historique-de-lenseignement-du-droit-international-public-a-lulb/.

  67. 67.

    Henri Rolin’s most famous publications include ‘La pratique des mandats internationaux’ (1927-IV) 19 Recueil des Cours 493-628; ‘Les principes du droit international public’ (1950-II) 77 Recueil des Cours 309-479; La politique de la Belgique dans la Société des Nations (Geneva: Kundig 1931); and ‘Le contrôle international des juridictions nationales’ (1967) Revue belge de droit international 1-23.

  68. 68.

    Rigaux (n 36) 879.

  69. 69.

    A full list can be found in Jean Salmon, ‘In Memoriam Henri Rolin’ (1973) 9 Revue belge de droit international x-xxvi. See also http://www.sfdi.org/internationalistes/rolin/.

  70. 70.

    Salmon (n 69) xii.

  71. 71.

    Salmon (n 69) xviii.

  72. 72.

    Salmon (n 69)., xiv.

  73. 73.

    Genin (n 18) 71.

  74. 74.

    Ganshof van der Meersch’s main publications include Organisations européennes (Brussels: Presses universitaires de Bruxelles 1963) and ‘Le respect des droits fondamentaux de l’homme, condition exigée du droit des Etats européens’ (1983) 60 Revue de droit international et de droit comparé 9-30. A complete bibliography of his publications can be found in Miscellanea Ganshof van der Meersch (Brussels: Bruylant 1972), at 217 et seq.

  75. 75.

    Rigaux (n 36) 882. See also Robert Legros, ‘Walter Ganshof van der Meersch’, Notice Bibliographique, Académie Royale de Belgique, 136.

  76. 76.

    Legros (n 75) 141.

  77. 77.

    Legros (n 75) 143.

  78. 78.

    See most recently Jan Wouters, Cedric Ryngaert, Tom Ruys and Geert De Baere, International Law: A European Perspective (Oxford: Hart Publishing 2018).

  79. 79.

    See inter alia Andreas Follesdal, Ramses A. Wessel and Jan Wouters (eds.), Multilevel Regulation and the EU. The Interplay between Global, European and National Normative Processes (Leiden – Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2008); Jan Wouters and Thomas Ramopoulos, ‘The G20 and Global Economic Governance: Lessons from Multilevel European Governance?’ (2012) 15 Journal of International Economic Law 751-775.

  80. 80.

    See for instance Olivier De Schutter, Jo Swinnen and Jan Wouters (eds.), Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development (London: Routledge 2013); Samuel Cogolati and Jan Wouters (eds.), The Commons and a New Global Governance (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing 2018).

  81. 81.

    See inter alia Joost Pauwelyn, Ramses A. Wessel and Jan Wouters (eds.), Informal International Lawmaking (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2012); Joost Pauwelyn, Ramses A. Wessel and Jan Wouters, ‘When Structures Become Shackles: Stagnation and Dynamics in International Lawmaking’ (2014) 25 European Journal of International Law 733-763; Chiara Oldani and Jan Wouters (eds.), The G7, Anti-Globalism and the Governance of Globalization (London: Routledge 2018).

  82. 82.

    Suy’s main publications include Les actes juridiques unilatéraux en droit international public (Paris: Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence 1962); La coutume internationale comme fait de protection juridique (Paris: Association des études internationales 1965); and ‘The status of observers in international organizations’ (1978-II) 160 Recueil des Cours 75-180.

  83. 83.

    Among Verhoeven’s main publications one can cite La reconnaissance internationale dans la pratique contemporaine: les relations publiques internationales (Paris: Pedone 1975); Droit international public (Brussels: Larcier 2000); and his editorship of Droit international des immunités: contestation ou consolidation? (Brussels: Larcier 2004). For Pierre d’Argent, see, apart from numerous articles and book chapters, e.g. Les réparations de guerre en droit international public: la responsabilité internationale des Etats à l'épreuve de la guerre (Brussels: Bruylant – Paris: Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence 2002).

  84. 84.

    http://cdi.ulb.ac.be/a-propos-du-centre/lecole-critique-de-droit-international-de-bruxelles/.

  85. 85.

    See the overview of his main publications and activities as academic and practitioner http://cdi.ulb.ac.be/a-propos-du-centre/membres-du-centre-2/jean-salmon/.

  86. 86.

    For an overview of their publications, see the relevant pages on http://cdi.ulb.ac.be/a-propos-du-centre/membres-du-centre-2/.

  87. 87.

    https://www.law.ugent.be/grili/about-the-institute/activities.

  88. 88.

    See for example the contributions of these practitioners to Geert de Baere and Jan Wouters (eds.), The Contribution of International and Supranational Courts to the Rule of Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing 2015).

  89. 89.

    An impressive history of the International Court of Justice has been written by Arthur Eyffinger, La Cour internationale de Justice 1946-1996 (The Hague: Kluwer Law International 1999).

  90. 90.

    See Geert De Baere and Alex Mills, ‘T.M.C. Asser and Public and Private International Law: The Life and Legacy of “a Practical Legal Statesman”’ (2011) 42 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 3, at 31: “The relationship between The Hague and international law has long been somewhat symbiotic – international law has perhaps contributed as much to The Hague as The Hague has contributed to international law.”

  91. 91.

    See inter alia Arthur Eyffinger, The Hague International Centre of Justice and Peace (The Hague: Jongbloed Law Booksellers 2003), 17-25.

  92. 92.

    See, however, on the dynamics since, and the dynamic role and vision of the Leiden professor of international law Cornelis van Vollenhoven in this respect: Remco van Diepen, Voor Volkenbond en vrede. Nederland en het streven naar een nieuwe wereldorde 1919-1946 (Amsterdam: Bert Bakker 1999) 27-30. On Van Vollenhoven’s impact as an international law scholar, see https://www.asser.nl/media/2399/the-moulding-of-international-law-ten-dutch-proponents-van-vollehoven-chapter.pdf.

  93. 93.

    Pieter H. Kooijmans, ‘The Hague – A City of Peace? Past, Present and Future’, in David Vriesendorp, Frans A. Nelissen and Michaïl Wladimiroff (eds.), The Hague Legal Capital? Liber in Honorem W.J. Deetman (The Hague: Hague Academic Press 2008) 97.

  94. 94.

    Kooijmans (n 93) 98.

  95. 95.

    De Baere and Mills (n 90) 31. See the interesting selection of 10 Dutch international lawyers and the discussion of their impact on international law in T.M.C. Asser Instituut (ed.), The Moulding of International Law: Ten Dutch Proponents (The Hague: Stichting T.M.C. Asser Instituut 1995).

  96. 96.

    Grotius’ main writings include Mare Liberum (1609), De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625), or De veritate religionis Christianae (On the Truth of the Christian religion) (1627). For an overview on his works, see inter alia Arthur Nussbaum, A Concise History of the Law of Nations (New York: MacMillan 1947) 102-112.

  97. 97.

    Martine Julia Van Ittersum, ‘Hugo Grotius: The Making of a Founding Father of International Law’, in Anne Orford and Florian Hoffmann (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Theory of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2016) 84.

  98. 98.

    Wolfgang Preiser, ‘History of International Law, Ancient Times to 1648’ (2008) Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, available at https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e716?rskey=yxx9A5&result=9&prd=EPIL See, at the occasion of the quadricentenary of Mare Liberum, Robert Feenstra (ed.), Hugo Grotius Mare Liberum 1609-2009 (Leiden, Boston: Brill 2009).

  99. 99.

    Van Ittersum (n 97) 85.

  100. 100.

    For a complete overview of Grotius’ life, see for example Hamilton Vreeland, Hugo Grotius. The Father of the Modern Science of International Law (Littleton: Rothman & Co. 1986). See also The World of Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), Proceedings of the International Colloquium organized by the Grotius Committee of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Rotterdam 6-9 April 1983 (Amsterdam & Maarssen: APA – Holland University Press 1984); Peter Haggenmacher, ‘Hugo Grotius (1583-1645)’, in Bardo Fassbender and Anne Peters (eds.), The History of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2012) 1098-1101.

  101. 101.

    See Vreeland (n 100).

  102. 102.

    Preiser (n 98).

  103. 103.

    Ibid.

  104. 104.

    Ibid.

  105. 105.

    See for example Mark W. Janis, The Influence of Religion on the Development of International Law (Dordrecht: Nifhoff 1991) 61; Wilhelm G. Grewe, The Epochs of International Law (Berlin, New York: De Gruyter 2000) 191-192; Henri Legohérel, Histoire du droit international public (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France 1996) 35-37.

  106. 106.

    David Little, ‘Religion – Catalyst or Impediment to International Law? The Case of Hugo Grotius’ (1993) 87 ASIL Proceedings 322, at 324.

  107. 107.

    Christop A. Stumpf, The Grotian Theology of International Law. Hugo Grotius and the Moral Foundations of International Relations (Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter 2006) 4.

  108. 108.

    Little (n 106) 324.

  109. 109.

    Stumpf (n 107) 4.

  110. 110.

    Stumpf (n 107) 242. See also Antonio Truyol y Serra (n 55) 58-59.

  111. 111.

    Koskenniemi (n 10) 6.

  112. 112.

    His main publications include De Dominio Maris Dissertatio (1702, second edition 1744; see for an English translation of the second edition by Ralph Van Deman Magoffin and an Introduction by James Brown Scott, New York, Oxford University Press, 1923); Observationes Juris Romani (1710; see the edition published in 2005 by Stichting tot Uitgaaf der Bronnen van het Oud-Vaderlandse Recht); De foro legatorum (1721; see the English version with the subtitle A Monograph on the Jurisdiction over Ambassadors in Both Civil and Criminal Cases, with translation by Gordon Jennings Laing and introduction by Jaap de Louter, London, Clarendon Press, 1946); and the Quaestionum Juris Publici (1737; see the reprint and English translation by Tenney Frank with introduction by Jaap de Louter, London: Clarendon Press 1930).

  113. 113.

    See inter alia Kinji Akashi, Cornelius van Bynkershoek: His Role in the History of International Law (The Hague, Boston: Kluwer Law International 1998).

  114. 114.

    For an overview of Asser’s scholarly writings, see De Baere and Mills (n 90) 9-12.

  115. 115.

    De Baere and Mills (n 90) 6.

  116. 116.

    C.C.A. Voskuil, ‘Tobias Michael Carel Asser’, in Institut de droit international (ed.), Livre du Centenaire 1873-1973. Evolution et perspectives du droit international (Basel: Karger 1973), 11.

  117. 117.

    De Baere and Mills (n 90) 24. The idea for the Academy goes back to the foundation of the Institut in 1873, although it remained dormant until it was picked up again during the Second Hague Peace Conference: Yves Daudet, ‘The City of The Hague and the Academy of International Law’, in Vriesendorp, Nelissen and Wladimiroff (n 93) at 120.

  118. 118.

    ‘Tobias Michael Carel Asser’, Britannica Academic, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 23 February 2007. See also De Baere and Mills (n 90) 6.

  119. 119.

    De Baere and Mills (n 90) 7.

  120. 120.

    https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1911/asser/facts/.

  121. 121.

    Eyffinger (n 91) 123.

  122. 122.

    Voskuil (n 116) 14.

  123. 123.

    De Baere and Mills (n 90) 9. See also Voskuil (n 116) 19: “La manière dont Asser envisage le droit est ‘to the point’, sans émotion. (…) Sa force résidait dans l’exercice pratique du droit, dans la discussion et dans son rôle directeur lors de négociations. Dans le domaine de la théorie du droit et de la dogmatique il ne se sentait pas à son aise, et il éprouvait souvent des doutes et des hésitations en faisant un choix.”

  124. 124.

    De Baere and Mills (n 90) 17.

  125. 125.

    https://www.asser.nl/about-the-institute/.

  126. 126.

    Röling’s main writings include De criminologische betekenis van Shakespeare’s Macbeth (The criminological significance of Shakespeare’s Macbeth) (1972), Völkerrecht und Friedenswissenschaft (1974), or Inleiding tot de wetenschap van oorlog en vrede (Introduction to the science of war and peace) (1978).

  127. 127.

    T.M.C. Asser Instituut (n 95) 32. See also Robert Cryer, ‘Röling in Tokyo: A Dignified Dissenter’ (2010) 8 Journal of International Criminal Justice 1109-1126; Constantijn Kelk, ‘Bert Röling as a Criminal Law Scholar’ (2010) 8 Journal of International Criminal Justice 1093-1108; Arthur Eyffinger (ed.), Conpendium Volkenrechtsgeschiedenis (The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Instituut 1991), 9.

  128. 128.

    T.M.C. Asser Instituut (n 95) 33. See notably Bert V.A. Röling, Volkenrecht en vrede (Deventer: Kluwer 1982).

  129. 129.

    See a list at T.M.C. Asser Instituut (n 95) 32.

  130. 130.

    Schermers’ main publications include International Institutional Law (first edition, Leiden: Sijthoff 1974); for the sixth edition, see Henry G. Schermers and Niels M. Blokker, International Institutional Law: Unity within Diversity (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff 2018); Internationaal publiekrecht voor de rechtspraktijk (Deventer: Kluwer, 1985); and Henri G. Schermers and Denis Waelbroeck, Judicial Protection in the European Union (first edition 1976, 6th edition, Kluwer Law International 2001).

  131. 131.

    While being at the Foreign Ministry he wrote his PhD thesis under the supervision of Professor Van Asbeck, Chair of public international law at the University of Leiden, whose views on international society and the role of the individual in international law greatly influenced him: Niels Blokker, ‘In Memoriam Professor Henri G. Schermers (1928-2006)’ (2006) 3 International Organizations Law Review 185. For Van Asbeck’s main collected writings, introduced by his successor van Panhuys, see Haro Frederik Van Panhuys and M. van Leeuwen Boomkamp (eds.), F.M. Van Asbeck International Society in Search of a Transnational Legal Order (Leiden: Sijthoff 1976).

  132. 132.

    See n 128.

  133. 133.

    Marco Bronckers, ‘Obituary. In Memoriam Henry G. Schermers’ (2007) 10 Journal of International Economic Law 151.

  134. 134.

    Ibid.

  135. 135.

    Kooijmans’ main publications include The Doctrine of the Legal Equality of States (1964), De volkenrechtswetenschap en de crisis in het volkenrecht: poging tot een analyse (1978), or Internationaal publiekrecht in vogelvlucht (first edition in 1989). The Peace Palace Library has compiled a list of his publications, available at https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/2013/02/in-memoriam-pieter-hendrik-kooijmans-1933-2013-former-judge-of-the-international-court-of-justice-2/?lang=fr.

  136. 136.

    Janne N. Nijman, ‘In Memoriam: Pieter Hendrik Kooijmans (1933-2013)’ (2013) 26 Leiden Journal of International Law 239-241. See also M. Brus, ‘Peter Kooijmans: Professor of Public International Law’ (1997) 10 Leiden Journal of International Law 132-136.

  137. 137.

    Nijman (n 136) 240.

  138. 138.

    Nico Schrijver, ‘A Portrait of Judge P. H. Kooijmans – A Passionate Advocate of the Rule of Law in International Affairs’ (2014) 27 Leiden Journal of International Law 839, at 843.

  139. 139.

    See for example P. H. Kooijmans, ‘How to Handle the Grotian Heritage: Grotius and Van Vollenhoven’ (1983) 30 Netherlands International Law Review 81-92.

  140. 140.

    Nijman (n 136) 240.

  141. 141.

    Ibid.

  142. 142.

    https://www.rechten.vu.nl/en/research/organization/research-institutes/kooijmans-institute/index.aspx.

  143. 143.

    Truyol y Serra (n 55) 165. Translation by the authors. For Verzijl’s publications, see in particular International Law in Historical Perspective (Leiden: Brill 1968-1979, 10 volumes). The bibliography of Verzijl is, however, much larger: see ‘Bibliographie de l’oeuvre de J.H.W. Verzijl’, in Symbolae Verzijl présentées au professeur J.H.W. Verzijl à l’occasion de son LXX-ième anniversaire (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1958), 431-453.

  144. 144.

    http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn3/telders.

  145. 145.

    M. Bos, ‘In Memoriam Professor H.F. van Panhuys’ (1976) 23 Netherlands International Law Review 3-4. See for a more ample description of van Panhuys’ academic writings: https://www.asser.nl/media/2394/the-moulding-of-international-law-ten-dutch-proponents-hf-panhuys-chapter.pdf.

  146. 146.

    https://www.hagueacademy.nl/.

  147. 147.

    https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/law/institute-of-public-law/grotius-centre/research.

  148. 148.

    https://www.uu.nl/en/research/netherlands-institute-of-human-rights-sim.

  149. 149.

    https://www.uu.nl/en/netherlands-institute-for-the-law-of-the-sea-nilos.

  150. 150.

    https://acil.uva.nl/research/research.html.

  151. 151.

    Reference is made to the Commissie van Advies Volkenrechtelijke Vraagstukken (CAVV), i.e. the Advisory Committee on Issues of Public International Law (see http://www.cavv-advies.nl/3bz/home.html), and the Adviesraad Internationale Vraagstukken (AIV), i.e. the Advisory Council on International Affairs (see https://aiv-advies.nl/63l/home).

  152. 152.

    A short description of the career of François can be found at http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn/BWN/lemmata/bwn2/francois; for an overview of his publications, see C.A. Kluyver, ‘Biographie de Jean Pierre Adrien François’, in Varia Juris Gentium. Vraagstukken van internationaal recht. Liber amicorum aangeboden aan Jean Pierre Adrien François (Leiden: Sijthoff 1959) 11-20.

  153. 153.

    Tammes was not only a professor of international law at the University of Amsterdam, but also a poet (under the pseudonym J.C. Noordstar): see the eulogy by Paul J.G. Kapteyn, http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/levensberichten/PE00003264.pdf, which also discusses the main publications of Tammes. See also ‘Biographical Note on J.P.A. Tammes’, in Herman Meijers and Ernst W. Vierdag (eds.), Essays on International Law and Relations in Honour of A.J.P. Tammes (1977) 24 Netherlands International Law Review 368-371.

  154. 154.

    See the description of his career in Ko Swan Sik, ‘In Memoriam Willem Riphagen: 1919-1994’ (1994) 41 Netherlands International Law Review 279-284.

  155. 155.

    For two portraits of Theo van Boven, see, respectively, Veronique Joosten, ‘Theo van Boven’, in Jan Wouters (ed.), Verenigde Naties: Mensenwerk (Leuven: Lannoo Campus 2015) 220-225; and Manfred Nowak, ‘Theo van Boven. Passing the Torch because People Matter’, in Kasey McCall-Smith, Jan Wouters and Felipe Gómez Isa (eds.), The Faces of Human Rights (Oxford: Hart Publishing 2019) 333-340.

  156. 156.

    See for example De Baere and Mills (n 90) 15; Koskenniemi (n 17)13.

  157. 157.

    Van Ittersum (n 97) 84.

  158. 158.

    Académie Royale de Belgique (n 25) 206.

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Wouters, J., Pineau, N. (2021). Exploring Belgian and Dutch “Traditions” in International Law. In: Hilpold, P. (eds) European International Law Traditions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52028-1_7

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