Abstract
The fight against cancer cells in the human body involves a defense system that is comprised of the innate and adaptive immunities which are controlled by a series of immune responses mediated by different immune cells (ICs) and their secretory substances including cytokines and chemokines. Natural substances, synthetic compounds, and antibody elements are used as immunostimulating and immunosuppressive agents. But here are certain restrictions to the overall use of these compounds, such as the increased risk of infection and generalized effect throughout the immune system. The use of plants and plant products as immunomodulators is still in a developing stage. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, the phytoconstituents exhibited three types of immunomodulation including type 1 of PHA, ConA, and quercetin (increased lymphocyte activation and IFN-γ secretion); type 2 of isopimpinellin (enhanced lymphocyte activation) and type 3 of rutin, bergapten and xanthotoxin (elevated IFN-γ secretion). The augmentation of lymphocyte proliferation was closely correlated to an increase in the number of lymphocyte cells including T-helper lymphocytes (CD4+), CD8+ T cells and activated PBMC, whereas elevation of IFN-γ secretion was due to the activated CD8+ T cells. The present chapter revealed the immunomodulating activity, which could be explained the traditional use of medicinal plant extract worldwide.
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Abbreviations
- ABCG2:
-
ATP-binding cassette super-family G member-2
- ADA:
-
Adenosine deaminase
- ADCC:
-
Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
- AINFLCs:
-
Anti-inflammatory Cytokine
- AL:
-
Alkaline Phosphatase
- APCs:
-
Antigen-Presenting Cells
- BAOECs:
-
Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells
- BRMs:
-
Biological Response Modifiers
- CAMs:
-
Cell Adhesion Molecules
- CMCs:
-
Cortical Microglia Cells
- COX-2:
-
Cyclooxygenase
- Tc:
-
Cytotoxic T Cells
- DCs:
-
Dendritic cells
- DP:
-
Dopamine
- EGCG:
-
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate
- ELAM-1:
-
Endothelial Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule
- elF 2:
-
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2
- ERK:
-
Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases
- GM-CSF:
-
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
- HBMECs:
-
Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells
- HECs:
-
Human Mammary Cells
- Hsp90:
-
Heat Shock Protein 90
- HMECs:
-
Human Mammary Epithelial Cells
- HSAECs:
-
Human Primary Small Airway Epithelial Cells
- HUVECs:
-
Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
- ICAM):
-
Intracellular Adhesion Molecule
- ICAM-1:
-
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1
- ICs:
-
Immune Cells
- iNOS:
-
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase
- INFLCs:
-
Inflammatory Cytokine
- LOXs:
-
Lipoxygenases
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MAPKs:
-
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
- MCs:
-
Mast Cells
- MC3T3:
-
E1 Mouse Osteoblastic Cells
- MCP-1:
-
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1
- MIECs:
-
Murine Intestinal Epithelial Cells
- MIP-1β:
-
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein
- MMP-2:
-
Matrix Metalloproteinase-2
- MMPs:
-
Matrix Metallopeptidases
- MNGCs:
-
Mesencephalic Neuron Glial Cells
- mPGES-1:
-
Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1
- MPO:
-
Myeloperoxidase
- MSU:
-
Monosodium Urate
- NFAT:
-
Nuclear Factor Of Activated T-Cells
- NK:
-
Natural Killer
- NLGP:
-
Neem Leaf Glycoprotein
- NO:
-
Nitric Oxide
- NOX:
-
NADPH oxidase
- NTP:
-
Nitro Tyrosine-Protein
- PBMCs:
-
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
- PBMCs:
-
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
- PCNA:
-
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
- PINFLCs:
-
Pro-inflammatory Cytokine
- PINFLMs:
-
Pro-inflammatory mediators
- PHA:
-
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
- PhI:
-
Phagocytic Index
- PMA:
-
Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate
- PPARs:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
- RA:
-
Rheumatoid Arthritis
- ROS:
-
Reactive Oxygen Species
- SOCS3:
-
Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3
- STAT3:
-
Signal Transducers And Activators of Transcription 3
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming Growth Factor
- TLR4:
-
Toll-Like Receptor 4
- TREM2:
-
Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2
- VCAM-1:
-
Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1
- VEGF-A:
-
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
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Gurjar, V.K., Pal, D. (2021). Natural Compounds Extracted from Medicinal Plants and Their Immunomodulatory Activities. In: Pal, D., Nayak, A.K. (eds) Bioactive Natural Products for Pharmaceutical Applications. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 140. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54027-2_6
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