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Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health pp 233–253Cite as

Amino Acid Nutrition for Optimum Growth, Development, Reproduction, and Health of Zoo Animals

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Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1285))

Abstract

Proteins are large polymers of amino acids (AAs) linked via peptide bonds, and major components for the growth and development of tissues in zoo animals (including mammals, birds, and fish). The proteinogenic AAs are alanine, arginine, aspartate, asparagine, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine. Except for glycine, they are all present in the L-isoform. Some carnivores may also need taurine (a nonproteinogenic AA) in their diet. Adequate dietary intakes of AAs are necessary for the growth, development, reproduction, health and longevity of zoo animals. Extensive research has established dietary nutrient requirements for humans, domestic livestock and companion animals. However, this is not true for many exotic or endangered species found in zoos due to the obstacles that accompany working with these species. Information on diets and nutrient profiles of free-ranging animals is needed. Even with adequate dietary intake of crude protein, dietary AAs may still be unbalanced, which can lead to nutrition-related diseases and disorders commonly observed in captive zoo species, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, urolithiasis, gut dysbiosis, and hormonal imbalances. There are differences in AA metabolism among carnivores, herbivores and omnivores. It is imperative to consider these idiosyncrasies when formulating diets based on established nutritional requirements of domestic species. With optimal health, populations of zoo animals will have a vastly greater chance of thriving in captivity. For endangered species especially, maintaining stable captive populations is crucial for conservation. Thus, adequate provision of AAs in diets plays a crucial role in the management, sustainability and expansion of healthy zoo animals.

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Abbreviations

AA:

amino acid

AAFCO:

Association of American Feed Control Officials

BCAA:

branched-chain amino acid

CP:

crude protein

DM:

dry matter

GABA:

γ-aminobutyrate

NRC:

National Research Council

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Cheryl Morris for helpful discussion on the nutrition of zoo animals. This work was supported by Texas A&M AgriLife Research (H-8200).

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  1. Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Cassandra M. Herring, Fuller W. Bazer & Guoyao Wu

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    Guoyao Wu

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Herring, C.M., Bazer, F.W., Wu, G. (2021). Amino Acid Nutrition for Optimum Growth, Development, Reproduction, and Health of Zoo Animals. In: Wu, G. (eds) Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1285. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_12

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