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Amino Acids in Swine Nutrition and Production

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Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1285))

Abstract

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins in animals, including swine. With the development of new analytical methods and biochemical research, there is a growing interest in fundamental and applied studies to reexamine the roles and usage of amino acids (AAs) in swine production. In animal nutrition, AAs have been traditionally classified as nutritionally essential (EAAs) or nutritionally nonessential (NEAAs). AAs that are not synthesized de novo must be provided in diets. However, NEAAs synthesized by cells of animals are more abundant than EAAs in the body, but are not synthesized de novo in sufficient amounts for the maximal productivity or optimal health (including resistance to infectious diseases) of swine. This underscores the conceptual limitations of NEAAs in swine protein nutrition. Notably, the National Research Council (NRC 2012) has recognized both arginine and glutamine as conditionally essential AAs for pigs to improve their growth, development, reproduction, and lactation. Results of recent work have also provided compelling evidence for the nutritional essentiality of glutamate, glycine, and proline for young pigs. The inclusion of so-called NEAAs in diets can help balance AAs in diets, reduce the dietary levels of EAAs, and protect the small intestine from oxidative stress, while enhancing the growth performance, feed efficiency, and health of pigs. Thus, both EAAs and NEAAs are needed in diets to meet the requirements of pigs. This notion represents a new paradigm shift in our understanding of swine protein nutrition and is transforming pork production worldwide.

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Abbreviations

AA:

amino acid

ASL:

argininosuccinate lyase

ASS:

argininosuccinate synthase

BCAA:

branched-chain amino acid

BCAT:

BCAA transaminase

BCKA:

branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase

BW:

body weight

EAA:

nutritionally essential amino acid

FAA:

functional amino acid

GDH:

glutamate dehydrogenase

GFAT:

glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate transaminase

IDO:

indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

IUGR:

intrauterine growth restriction

KIC:

α-ketoisocaproate

mTOR:

mechanistic target of rapamycin

NEAA:

nutritionally nonessential amino acid

NO:

nitric oxide

NOS:

nitric oxide synthase

NRC:

National Research Council

OAT:

ornithine aminotransferase

ODC:

ornithine decarboxylase

OH-POX:

hydroxyproline oxidase

P5C:

pyrroline-5-carboxylate

POX:

proline oxidase

SHMT:

serine hydroxymethyltransferase

α-KG :

α-ketoglutarate

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported, in part, by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0501210; Y. Hou), the Program of National Agricultural Research Outstanding Talents of China (2015; Y. Hou), Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants (2014-67015-21770 and 2015-67015-23276 to G. Wu and F.W. Bazer) from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, and Texas A&M AgriLife Research (H-8200; G. Wu). We thank students and research assistants in our laboratories for helpful discussions.

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  1. Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China

    Qian Zhang & Yongqing Hou

  2. Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Fuller W. Bazer, Wenliang He, Erin A. Posey & Guoyao Wu

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  1. Qian Zhang
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Correspondence to Guoyao Wu .

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  1. Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M Univesity, College Station, TX, USA

    Guoyao Wu

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Zhang, Q., Hou, Y., Bazer, F.W., He, W., Posey, E.A., Wu, G. (2021). Amino Acids in Swine Nutrition and Production. In: Wu, G. (eds) Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1285. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_6

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