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Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health pp 133–168Cite as

Nutrition and Functions of Amino Acids in Fish

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Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1285))

Abstract

Aquaculture is increasingly important for providing humans with high-quality animal protein to improve growth, development and health. Farm-raised fish and shellfish now exceed captured fisheries for foods. More than 70% of the production cost is dependent on the supply of compound feeds. A public debate or concern over aquaculture is its environmental sustainability as many fish species have high requirements for dietary protein and fishmeal. Protein or amino acids (AAs), which are the major component of tissue growth, are generally the most expensive nutrients in animal production and, therefore, are crucial for aquatic feed development. There is compelling evidence that an adequate supply of both traditionally classified nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) and non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) in diets improve the growth, development and production performance of aquatic animals (e.g., larval metamorphosis). The processes for the utilization of dietary AAs or protein utilization by animals include digestion, absorption and metabolism. The digestibility and bioavailability of AAs should be carefully evaluated because feed production processes and AA degradation in the gut affect the amounts of dietary AAs that enter the blood circulation. Absorbed AAs are utilized for the syntheses of protein, peptides, AAs, and other metabolites (including nucleotides); biological oxidation and ATP production; gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis; and the regulation of acid-base balance, anti-oxidative reactions, and immune responses. Fish producers usually focus on the content or digestibility of dietary crude protein without considering the supply of AAs in the diet. In experiments involving dietary supplementation with AAs, inappropriate AAs (e.g., glycine and glutamate) are often used as the isonitrogenous control. At present, limited knowledge is available about either the cell- and tissue-specific metabolism of AAs or the effects of feed processing methods on the digestion and utilization of AAs in different fish species. These issues should be addressed to develop environment-friendly aquafeeds and reduce feed costs to sustain the global aquaculture.

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Abbreviations

AA:

amino acid

CCK:

cholecystokinin

EAA:

nutritionally essential amino acid

GABA:

γ-aminobutyrate

GH:

growth hormone

IGF:

insulin-like growth factor

α-KG:

α-ketoglutarate

mTOR:

mechanistic target of rapamycin

NEAA:

nutritionally nonessential amino acid

NO:

nitric oxide

NRC:

National Research Council

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

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Acknowledgments

We thank our students, research assistants and colleagues for helpful discussions. This work was supported by Texas A&M AgriLife Research (H-8200) and funds from Guangdong Yuehai Feeds Group Co., Ltd.

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  1. Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Xinyu Li & Guoyao Wu

  2. Guangdong Yuehai Feeds Group Co., Ltd., Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China

    Shixuan Zheng

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  1. Xinyu Li
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  2. Shixuan Zheng
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Correspondence to Guoyao Wu .

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  1. Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M Univesity, College Station, TX, USA

    Guoyao Wu

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Li, X., Zheng, S., Wu, G. (2021). Nutrition and Functions of Amino Acids in Fish. In: Wu, G. (eds) Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1285. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_8

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