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A Review of Virtual Reality-Based Eye Examination Simulators

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Recent Advances in Technologies for Inclusive Well-Being

Part of the book series: Intelligent Systems Reference Library ((ISRL,volume 196))

Abstract

Eye fundus examination requires extensive practice to enable the adequate interpretation of the anatomy observed as a flat image seen through the ophthalmoscope, which is a handheld device that allows for the non-invasive examination of the back of the eye. Mastering eye examination with an ophthalmoscope is difficult due to the intricate volumetric anatomy of the eye when seen as a two-dimensional image when examined through the lens of an1 ophthalmoscope. The lack of eye examination skills in medical practitioners is a cause of concern in today’s medical practise as misdiagnosis can result in improper or prompt treatment of life-threatening conditions such as glaucoma, high blood pressure, or diabetes amongst others. Past and current solutions to the problem of ophthalmoscope education have seen the use of pictures, illustrations, videos, cadavers, patients, and volunteers. More recently, simulation has provided a higher-end instrument to expose trainees to otherwise impossible conditions for learning purposes safely. However, simulation costs associated with purchasing and maintaining modern simulators has lead to complications related to their acquisition and availability. These shortcomings in eye examination simulation have led to research focusing on cost-effective tools using a breadth of solutions involving physical and digital simulators ranging from mobile applications to virtual and augmented reality, to makerspace and practical eye models. In this chapter, we review direct ophthalmoscopy simulation models for medical training. We highlight the characteristics, limitations, and advantages presented by modern simulation devices.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON, L1H 7K4, Canada

    Michael Chan & Alvaro Uribe-Quevedo

  2. maxSIMhealth, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada

    Bill Kapralos

  3. York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada

    Michael Jenkin

  4. Shizuoka University, 3 Chome-5-1 Johoku, Naka Ward, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 432-8011, Japan

    Kamen Kanev

  5. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cra11N101-80, Bogota, Colombia

    Norman Jaimes

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  1. Michael Chan
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  2. Alvaro Uribe-Quevedo
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  3. Bill Kapralos
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  4. Michael Jenkin
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  5. Kamen Kanev
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  6. Norman Jaimes
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alvaro Uribe-Quevedo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark

    Anthony Lewis Brooks

  2. Computer Information Systems, Missouri State University, Spring Filed, MO, USA

    Sheryl Brahman

  3. maxSIMhealth, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada

    Bill Kapralos

  4. SIM Advancement & Innovation, Simulation Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Amy Nakajima

  5. Trent/Fleming School of Nursing, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada

    Jane Tyerman

  6. KES International, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK

    Lakhmi C. Jain

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Chan, M., Uribe-Quevedo, A., Kapralos, B., Jenkin, M., Kanev, K., Jaimes, N. (2021). A Review of Virtual Reality-Based Eye Examination Simulators. In: Brooks, A.L., Brahman, S., Kapralos, B., Nakajima, A., Tyerman, J., Jain, L.C. (eds) Recent Advances in Technologies for Inclusive Well-Being. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, vol 196. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59608-8_6

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