Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

River Sand Mining Vis a Vis Manufactured Sand for Sustainability

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovations for Sustainable and Responsible Mining

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering ((LNCE,volume 109))

Abstract

Sand and gravels are basic construction raw material globally. With increased economic activity, rate of extraction of sand and gravels has gone up three folds during last two decades reaching 40 billion tonnes per year. Critical hot spots for sand extraction are China and India. Uncontrolled illegal sand mining is common – reduction in ground water level and water transparency, increased water turbidity, adverse impact on birdlife. It is estimated that every year 10 million cubic meters of sand is extracted in Morocco by sand mafias converting large sand beaches into rocky landscape. Singapore has extended its area by 20% by importing 517 million tonnes of sand over last 20 years from neighbouring countries. Some of the countries like India and Malaysia have developed river sand mining guidelines to ensure equilibrium of river, avoid aggradation of hydraulic structures, protection of rivers against erosion, and avoid water pollution. Principal of sustainability is based on equilibrium of meeting business objectives, environmental compliance and social compliance of various stake holders. Tipple bottom line pillars for sustainability include financial stability, environmental stewardship and social equity. For minimizing environmental effect due river sand mining, many countries have adopted technology of manufacturing sand through series of crushers – primary jaw crusher, secondary cone crusher and tertiary vertical shaft impact (VSI) crusher. Japan has developed V7 dry sand manufacturing technology. Manufacturing Sand (M-Sand) has comparable gradation with river sand. Various technical specifications of aggregates and M-Sand adopted by India and US are provided in this paper. There is need of creating R&D facilities in every region for sustainability to develop specifications of M-Sand based on available resources and meet local sand requirement.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cortes, D.D., Kim, H.K., Palomino, A.M., Santamarina, J.C.: Rheological and mechanical properties of mortars prepared with natural and manufactured sands. Cem Concr Res. 38(10), 1142–1147 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.03.020

  2. Ahmad, T., Ahmad, R., Kamran, M., Wahjoedi, B., Shakoor, I., Hussain, F., Riaz, F., Jamil, Z., Isaac, S., Ashraf, Q.: Effect of thal silica sand nanoparticles and glass fiber reinforcements on epoxy-based hybrid composite. Iran Polym. J. (English Ed) 24(1), 21–27 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-014-0296-x

  3. Johansson, M.: Facies analysis of the plateau sandstones (eocene to early miocene?), Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. J. Asian Earth Sci. 17(1–2), 233-246 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0743-9547(98)00061-0

  4. Darman, H.: An Outline of The Geology of Indonesia. PT. Lereng Nusantara Consultant, Jakarta (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Decelles, P.G., Kapp, P., Gehrels, G.E., Ding, L.: Paleocene-eocene foreland basin evolution in The Himalaya of Southern Tibet and Nepal: implications for the age of initial India-Asia collision. Tectonics 33(5), 824–849 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014tc003522

  6. Nanson, G.C., Rust, B.R., Taylor, G.: Coexistent mud braids and anastomosing channels in an Arid-Zone River: Cooper Creek, Central Australia. Geology 14(2), 175–178 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14%3c175:cmbaac%3e2.0.co;2

  7. Muhs, D.R., Vance, T.H.: Evidence of active dune sand on the great plains in the 19th century from accounts of early explorers. Q. Res. 43(2), 198–208 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Atkinson, B.L., Grace, M.R., Hart, B.T., Vanderkruk, K.E.: Sediment instability affects the rate and location of primary production and respiration in a sand-bed stream. J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 27(3), 581–592 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1899/07-143.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Xiao, J., Qiang, C., Nanni, A., Zhang, K.: Use of sea-sand and seawater in concrete construction: current status and future opportunities. Constr. Build. Mater. 155, 1101–1111 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bradley, W.C.: Effect of weathering on abrasion of granitic gravel, Colorado River (Texas). Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 81(1), 61–80 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hudson, J.: Rock Engineering Systems: Theory and Practice. High Plains Press (JAH), Chichester (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Gallagher, L., Peduzzi, P.: Sand and Sustainability: Finding New Solutions for Environmental Governance of Global sand resources. Geneva (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  13. BMI Research: Global Industry Overview: Sand Miners on Solid Ground - October 2014 (2014). http://www.mining-insight.com/. Accessed 8 Aug 2020

  14. Giljum, S., Hinterberger, F., Lutz, C., Meyer, B.: Accounting and modelling global resource use. In: Suh, S. (eds.) vol. 23, pp. 139–160. Springer, Dordrecht (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Giljum, S., Lutz, C., Jungnitz, A., Bruckner, M., Hinterberger, F.: European resource use and resource productivity in a global context. In: Ekins, P., Speck, S. (eds.). p. 27. Oxford Uniersity Press, Oxford (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  16. UNEP GEAS.: Sand, Rarer Than One Thinks- March 2014 (2014). https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/8665/GEAS. Accessed 9 Aug 2020

  17. Chilamkurthy, K., Marckson, A.V., Chopperla, S.T., Santhanam, M.: A statistical overview of sand demand in Asia and Europe. In: International Conference UKIERE CTMC 2016. Goa (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Yong, K.Y., Lee, S.L., Karunaratne, G.P.: Coastal reclamation in Singapore: a review. In: Urban Coastal Area Management: The Experience of Singapore. ICLARM Conference Proceedings, pp. 59–67 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Jefferson, T.A., Hung, S.K., Würsig, B.: Protecting small cetaceans from coastal development: impact assessment and mitigation experience in Hong Kong. Mar Policy 33(2), 305–311 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2008.07.011

  20. Jiang, L., Lin, H.: Integrated analysis of SAR interferometric and geological data for investigating long-term reclamation settlement of chek lap kok airport, Hong Kong. Eng. Geol. 110(3–4), 77-92 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.11.005

  21. Khalaf, F.I., Al-Ajmi, D.: Aeolian processes and sand encroachment problems in Kuwait. Geomorphology 6(2), 111–134 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555x(93)90042-z

  22. Arnold, C.L., Gibbons, C.J.: Impervious surface coverage: the emergence of a key environmental indicator. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 62(2), 243–258 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369608975688

  23. Padmalal, D., Maya, K., Sreebha, S., Sreeja, R.: Environmental effects of river sand mining: a case from the river catchments of Vembanad Lake, Southwest Coast of India. Environ. Geol. 54(4), 879–889 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0870-z

  24. Patten, D.T.: Riparian ecosystems of semi-arid North America: diversity and human impacts. Wetlands 18(4), 498–512 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03161668

  25. Arun, P.R., Sreeja, R., Sreebha, S., Maya, K., Padmalal, D.: River sand mining and its impact on physical and biological environments of Kerala Rivers, Southwest Coast of India. Eco-Chronicle 1(1), 1–6 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ashraf, M.A., Maah, M.J., Yusoff, I., Wajid, A., Mahmood, K.: Sand mining effects, causes and concerns: a case study from Bestari Jaya, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. Sci. Res. Essays. 6(6), 1216–1231 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Sreebha, S., Padmalal, D.: Environmental impact assessment of sand mining from the small catchment rivers in the Southwestern Coast of India: a case study. Environ. Manag. 47(1), 130–140 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9571-6

  28. Saviour, M.N.: Environmental impact of soil and sand mining: a review. Int. J. Sci. Environ. 1(3), 125–134 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Gari, S.R., Newton, A., Icely, J.D.: A review of the application and evolution of the DPSIR framework with an emphasis on coastal social-ecological systems. Ocean Coast. Manag. 103, 63–77 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Lawler, D.M.: The measurement of river bank erosion and lateral channel change: a review. Earth Surf Process Landforms 18(9), 777–821 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290180905

  31. Hubble, T.C.T.: Slope stability analysis of potential bank failure as a result of toe erosion on weir-impounded lakes: an example from the Nepean River, New South Wales, Australia. Mar Freshw Res. 55(1), 57–65 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1071/mf03003

  32. Binti Sa’adin, S.L., Kaewunruen, S., Jaroszweski, D.: Operational readiness for climate change of Malaysia high-speed rail. In: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport, pp. 308–320. Thomas Telford Services Ltd (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Sharma, M.L.: Organised crime in India: problems & perspectives. Resour. Mater. Ser. 54, 82–129 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Martinez-Alier, J., Temper, L., Demaria, F.: Social metabolism and environmental conflicts in India. In: Nature, Economy and Society, pp. 19–49. Springer, India (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Rege, A.: Not biting the dust: using a tripartite model of organized crime to examine India’s Sand Mafia. Int. J. Comp. Appl. Crim. Justice. 40(2), 101–121 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2015.1082486

  36. Gavriletea, M.: Environmental impacts of sand exploitation. Analysis of sand market. Sustainability 9(7), 1118 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071118

  37. Koehnken, L., Rintoul, M.: Impacts of sand mining on ecosystem structure, process and biodiversity in rivers. WWF Rev. 159 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Villas-Bôas, R.C., Barreto, M.L.: Cierre de Minas: Experiencias En Iberoamérica (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Myers, N., Mittermeler, R.A., Mittermeler, C.G., Da Fonseca, G.A.B., Kent, J.: Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(6772), 853–858 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501

  40. John, E.: The Impacts of sand mining in Kallada River (Pathanapuram Taluk), Kerala. J. Basic Appl. Biol. 3, 108–113 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Kondolf, G.M.: PROFILE: hungry water: effects of dams and gravel mining on river channels. Environ. Manag. 21(4), 533–551 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Thornton, P.K., Jones, P.G., Owiyo, T., Kruska, R.L., Herrero, M.T., Kristjanson, P.M., Notenbaert, A.M.O., Bekele, N., Omolo, A.: Mapping climate vulnerability and poverty in Africa. ILRI, Nairobi (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Pye, K., Neal, A.: Coastal dune erosion at formby point, North Merseyside, England: causes and mechanisms. Mar. Geol. 119(1–2), 39-56 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(94)90139-2

  44. Hilton, M.J., Hesp, P.: Determining the limits of beach-nearshore sand systems and the impact of offshore coastal sand mining. J. Coast Res. 12(2), 496–519 (1996). https://doi.org/10.2307/4298500

  45. DuBois, R., Towle, E.L.: Coral Harvesting and Sand Mining Management Practices (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Salahuddin, J.S.: River Sand Mining Management Guideline, pp. 1–47 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Kaya, T., Hashimoto, M., Pettingell, H.: The development of sand manufacture from crushed rock in Japan, using advanced VSI technology. In: Proceedings of the International Center for Aggregates Research Symposium, pp. 4–5. Texas (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hämäläinen, E.: Manufactured sand success with Velde Pukk in Norway. In: Metso’s Customer Magazine for the Mining and Construction Industries-Results: Minerals & Aggregates, pp. 6–7 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Westerholm, M., Lagerblad, B.: Filler and filler quality of crushed rocks in concrete production. In: International Conference on Building Materials “18.Ibausil.” Wemar (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Cepuritis, R.: Sand from the rocks. new type of crushed sand to replace natural sand in concrete production. Bulk Solids Handling 3, 42–48 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Cepuritis, R.: Building on sand. Int. Cem. Rev. 81–83 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Cepurītis, R.: Manufactured sand crushing process parameters: short review and evaluation for sand performance in fresh concrete. Nord Concr Res. 48, 27–48 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Prakash, V.M.: Ready mixed concrete using manufactured sand as fine aggregate. In: 32nd Conference on Our World In Concrete & Structures. Singapore (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Nanthagopalan, P., Santhanam, M.: Fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete produced with manufactured sand. Cem. Concr. Compos. 33(3), 353–358 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.11.005

  55. Jadhav, P.A., Kulkarni, D.K.: Effect of replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand on thee properties of cement mortar. Int. J. Civ. Struct. Eng. 3(3), 621–628 (2013). https://doi.org/10.6088/ijcser.222012030130577

  56. Jadhav, P.A., Kulkarni, D.K.: An experimental investigation on the properties of concrete containing manufactured sand. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol. 3(2), 101–104 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  57. Pettingell, H.: The Kemco RC7. Quarr. Manag. 36(12), 11–14 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Pedersen, B., Hotvedt, O.: Production and Utilisation of Manufactured Sand: State-Of-The-Art Report. Blindern (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Wigum, B.J.: Summary report. Production of High Quality Manufactured Aggregate for Concrete. Blindern (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Pilegis, M., Gardner, D., Lark, R.: An investigation into the use of manufactured sand as a 100% replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Materials 9(6), 440–440 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9060440

  61. IS 383:2016, I.: Indian Standard: Coarse and Fine Aggregate for Concrete - Specification (Third Revision) (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  62. The National Stone, Sand, Gravel Associatiom.: The Aggregates Handbook: Second Edition. Mercury Publishing Services, Alexandria (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Kessler, D.W., Insley, H., Sligh, W.H.: Physical, mineralogical and durability studies on the building and monumental granites of the United States. J. Res. Natl. Bur. 24, 161–206 (1940)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Powers, T.C.: The Properties of Fresh Concrete. Wiley, New York (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  65. Roy, R.F., Beck, A.E., Touloukian, Y.S.: Thermophysical properties of rocks. In: Touloukian, Y.S., Judd, W.R., Roy, R.F. (eds.). pp. 409–502. McGraw-Hill, New York (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  66. QRating Concrete: Newsletter Bulletin, vol. 2. Ready Mixed Concrete Manufacturers’Association (RMCMA). Mumbai (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  67. Murlidhar, B.R., Mohamad, E.T., Armaghani, D.J.: Potential alkali silica reactivity of various rock types in an aggregate granite quarry. Measurement 81, 221–231 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2015.12.022

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geotropik-Centre of Tropical Geoengineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

    Ramesh Murlidhar Bhatawdekar, Edy Tonnizam Mohamad & Dayang Zulaika Binti Abang Hasbollah

  2. Earth Science Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India

    Trilok Nath Singh

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Danial Jahed Armaghani

Authors
  1. Ramesh Murlidhar Bhatawdekar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Trilok Nath Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Edy Tonnizam Mohamad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Danial Jahed Armaghani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Dayang Zulaika Binti Abang Hasbollah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Danial Jahed Armaghani .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Xuan-Nam Bui

  2. Department of Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea (Republic of)

    Changwoo Lee

  3. Institute of Mining and Special Engineering, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany

    Carsten Drebenstedt

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Bhatawdekar, R.M., Singh, T.N., Tonnizam Mohamad, E., Armaghani, D.J., Binti Abang Hasbollah, D.Z. (2021). River Sand Mining Vis a Vis Manufactured Sand for Sustainability. In: Bui, XN., Lee, C., Drebenstedt, C. (eds) Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovations for Sustainable and Responsible Mining. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 109. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60839-2_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60839-2_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-60838-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-60839-2

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation