Abstract
Among different carbon sources, biomass is the most abundant organic carbon source available for producing renewable bio-oils and the value-added chemicals. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a green method for sustainable transformation of dry and wet waste biomass to bio-oils and chemical products that are potentially applicable as raw materials in chemical industries. Both sub- and supercritical water possess interesting physicochemical properties, capable of dissolving a variety of waste materials for chemical synthesis and production of valuable liquid, gaseous and solid products. Under supercritical conditions, reactions like supercritical water gasification and supercritical water oxidation produce hydrolyzed and depolymerized products useful as synthetic intermediates in chemical industries. This chapter describes how hydrothermal conversion of waste biomass of different types containing both sugar and non-sugar derivatives leads to renewable biofuels and commodity chemicals by abiding green chemistry principles. Further, valorization of aqueous phase, obtained during hydrothermal processing, has also been discussed, including the chemical composition, reuse and applications for the chemical-enhanced recoveries. Therefore, the hydrothermal conversion of non-renewable waste biomass including agricultural waste, forest residue and organic (food) waste into valuable chemicals products can generate the wide opportunities for the development of sustainable chemical industries.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdelmoez, W., Nage, S. M., Bastawess, A., Ihab, A., & Yoshida, H. (2014). Subcritical water technology for wheat straw hydrolysis to produce value added products. Journal of Cleaner Production, 70, 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.011.
Alonso, D. M., Bond, J. Q., & Dumesic, J. A. (2010). Catalytic conversion of biomass to biofuels. Green Chemistry, 12, 1493–1513. https://doi.org/10.1039/C004654J.
Antal, M. J., Jr., Mok, W. S. L., & Richards, G. N. (1990). Mechanism of formation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde from D-fructose and sucrose. Carbohydrate Research, 199, 91–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(90)84096-D.
Arturi, K. R., Kucheryavskiy, S., & Søgaard, E. G. (2016). Performance of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of biomass by multivariate data analysis. Fuel Processing Technology, 150, 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.05.007.
Awaluddin, S. A., Thiruvenkadam, S., Izhar, S., Hiroyuki, Y., Danquah, M. K., & Harun, R. (2016) Subcritical water technology for enhanced extraction of biochemical compounds from Chlorella vulgaris. BioMed Research International, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5816974.
Besson, M., Gallezot, P., & Pinel, C. (2014). Conversion of biomass into chemicals over metal catalysts. Chemical Reviews, 114, 1827–1870. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr4002269.
Biller, P., & Ross, A. B. (2011). Potential yields and properties of oil from the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae with different biochemical content. Bioresource Technology, 102, 215–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.028.
Biller, P., Madsen, R. B., Klemmer, M., Becker, J., Iversen, B. B., & Glasius, M. (2016). Effect of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase recycling on bio-crude yields and composition. Bioresource Technology, 220, 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.053.
Binder, J. B., Cefali, A. V., Blank, J. J., & Raines, R. T. (2010). Mechanistic insights on the conversion of sugars into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Energy & Environmental Science, 3, 765–771. https://doi.org/10.1039/b923961h.
Bobleter, O. (1994). Hydrothermal degradation of polymers derived from plants. Progress in Polymer Science, 19, 797–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6700(94)90033-7.
Bond, J. Q., Alonso, D. M., Wang, D., West, R. M., & Dumesic, J. A. (2010). Integrated catalytic conversion of gamma-valerolactone to liquid alkenes for transportation fuels. Science, 327, 1110–1114. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184362.
Bonn, G., & Bobleter, O. (1983). Determination of the hydrothermal degradation products of D-(U-14C) glucose and D-(U-14C) fructose by TLC. The Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 79, 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02518929.
Brunner, G. (2009a). Near and supercritical water. Part II: oxidative processes. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 47, 382–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2008.09.001.
Brunner, G. (2009b). Near critical and supercriticalwater. Part I. Hydrolytic and hydrothermal processes. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 47, 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2008.09.002.
Bubalo, M. C., Vidović, S., Redovniković, I. R., & Jokić, S. (2015). Green solvents for green technologies. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 90, 1631–1639. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4668.
Budrat, P., & Shotipruk, A. (2009). Enhanced recovery of phenolic compounds from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) by subcritical water extraction. Separation and Purification Technology, 66, 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.11.014.
Chan, Y. H., Yusup, S., Quitain, A. T., Uemura, Y., & Sasaki, M. (2014). Bio-oil production from oil palm biomass via subcritical and supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 95, 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2014.10.014.
Chandler, K., Deng, F., Dillow, A. K., Liotta, C. L., & Eckert, C. A. (1997). Alkylation reactions in near-critical water in the absence of acid catalysts. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 36, 5175–5179. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie9702688.
Chen, W.-T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Yu, G., Schideman, L. C., Zhang, P., et al. (2014). Hydrothermal liquefaction of mixed-culture algal biomass from wastewater treatment system into bio-crude oil. Bioresource Technology, 152, 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.111.
Cheng, L., & Ye, X. P. (2014). Recent progress in converting biomass to biofuels and renewable chemicals in sub- or supercritical water. Biofuels, 1, 109–128. https://doi.org/10.4155/bfs.09.3.
Cherad, R., Onwudili, J. A., Biller, P., Williams, P. T., & Ross, A. B. (2016). Hydrogen production from the catalytic supercritical water gasification of process water generated from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae. Fuel, 166, 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.088.
Chornet, E., & Overend, R. P. (1985). Biomass liquefaction: an overview, Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, Springer pp. 967–1002.
Cocero, M., Alonso, E., Sanz, M., & Fdz-Polanco, F. (2002). Supercritical water oxidation process under energetically self-sufficient operation. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 24, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-8446(02)00011-6.
Collard, F.-X., Blin, J., Bensakhria, A., & Valette, J. (2012). Influence of impregnated metal on the pyrolysis conversion of biomass constituents. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 95, 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.02.009.
Cortright, R. D., Davda, R. R., & Dumesic, J. A. (2002). Hydrogen from catalytic reforming of biomass-derived hydrocarbons in liquid water. Nature, 418, 964–967. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01009.
Demirbas, M. F. (2009). Biorefineries for biofuel upgrading: A critical review. Applied Energy, 86, S151–S161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.04.043.
Déniel, M., Haarlemmer, G., Roubaud, A., Weiss-Hortala, E., & Fages, J. (2016a). Energy valorisation of food processing residues and model compounds by hydrothermal liquefaction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1632–1652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.017.
Déniel, M., Haarlemmer, G., Roubaud, A., Weiss-Hortala, E., & Fages, J. (2016). Bio-oil production from food processing residues: Improving the bio-oil yield and quality by aqueous phase recycle in hydrothermal liquefaction of blackcurrant (Ribes Nigrum l.) Pomace. Energy and Fuels, 30(6), 4895–4904. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00441.
Déniel, M., Haarlemmer, G., Roubaud, A., Weiss-Hortala, E., & Fages, J. (2017). Modelling and predictive study of hydrothermal liquefaction: Application to food processing residues. Waste Biomass Valorizat, 8:2087–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9726-7.
Déniel, M., Haarlemmer, G., Roubaud, A., Weiss-Hortala, E., & Fages, J. (2017). Hydrothermal liquefaction of blackcurrant pomace and model molecules: understanding of reaction mechanisms. Sustain Energy Fuels, 1, 555–82. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6SE00065G.
Elliott, D. C. (2011). Hydrothermal processing, thermochemical processing of biomass: conversion into fuels. In R. C. Brown (Ed.), Chemicals and power (pp. 200–231). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Elliott, D. C., Biller, P., Ross, A. B., Schmidt, A. J., & Jones, S. B. (2015). Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: Developments from batch to continuous process. Bioresource Technology, 178, 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.13.
Erkonak, H., Sogut, O. O., & Akgun, M. (2008). Treatment of olive mill wastewater by supercritical water oxidation. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 46, 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2008.04.006.
Fernando, S., Adhikari, S., Chandrapal, C., & Murali, N. (2006). Biorefineries: current status, challenges, and future direction. Energy & Fuels, 20, 1727–1737. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef060097w.
FitzPatrick, M., Champagne, P., Cunningham, M. F., & Whitney, R. A. (2010). A biorefinery processing perspective: Treatment of lignocellulosic materials for the production of value-added products. Bioresource Technology, 101, 8915–8922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.125.
Franck, E. U. (1987). Chem Thermodynamics Fluids at High Pressures and Temperatures, 19, 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(87)90130-3.
Funke, A., & Ziegler, F. (2010). Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering. Biofuels Bioprod Bioref, 4, 160–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.
Fytili, D., & Zabaniotou, A. (2008). Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods-A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(1), 116–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.05.014.
Gai, C., Li, Y., Peng, N., Fan, A., & Liu, Z. (2015a). Co-liquefaction of microalgae and lignocellulosic biomass in subcritical water. Bioresource Technology, 185, 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.015.
Gai, C., Zhang, Y., Chen, W.-T., Zhang, P., & Dong, Y. (2015b). An investigation of reaction pathways of hydrothermal liquefaction using Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Spirulina platensis. Energy Conversion and Management, 96, 330–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.02.056.
Gai, C., Zhang, Y., Chen, W. T., Zhou, Y., Schideman, L., Zhang, P., et al. (2015c). Characterization of aqueous phase from the hydrothermal liquefaction of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Bioresource Technology, 184, 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.118.
Gao, Y., Chen, H., Wang, J., Shi, T., Yang, H., & Wang, X. (2011). Characterization of products from hydrothermal liquefaction and carbonation of biomass model compounds and real biomass. The Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 39, 893–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5813(12)60001-2.
Garrote, G., Dominguez, H., & Parajo, J. C. (1999). Hydrothermal processing of lignocellulosic materials. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 57, 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001070050039.
Grigoras, I. F., Stroe, R. E., Sintamarean, I. M., & Rosendahl, L. A. (2017). Effect of biomass pretreatment on the product distribution and composition resulting from the hydrothermal liquefaction of short rotation coppice willow. Bioresource Technology, 231, 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.056.
Hasegawa, I., Inoue, Y., Muranaka, Y., Yasukawa, T., & Mae, K. (2011). Selective production of organic acids and depolymerization of lignin by hydrothermal oxidation with diluted hydrogen peroxide. Energy & Fuels, 252, 791–796. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef101477d.
Hietala, D. C., Faeth, J. L., & Savage, P. E. (2016). A quantitative kinetic model for the fast and isothermal hydrothermal liquefaction of Nannochloropsis sp. Bioresource Technology, 214, 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.067.
Hietala, D. C., Koss, C. K., Narwani, A., Lashaway, A. R., Godwin, C. M., Cardinale, B. J., et al. (2017). Influence of biodiversity, biochemical composition, and species identity on the quality of biomass and biocrude oil produced via hydrothermal liquefaction. Algal Research, 26, 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2017.07.020.
Hollak, S. A. W., Ariëns, M. A., de Jong, K. P., & van Es, D. S. (2014). Hydrothermal deoxygenation of triglycerides over Pd/C aided by in situ hydrogen production from glycerol reforming. Chemsuschem, 7, 1057–1060. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201301145.
Horne, P. A., & Williams, P. T. (1995). The effect of zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst deactivation during the upgrading of biomass-derived pyrolysis vapours. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 34, 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2370(94)00875-2.
Hu, Y., Feng, S., Yuan, Z., Xu, C., & Bassi, A. (2017). Investigation of aqueous phase recycling for improving bio-crude oil yield in hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. Bioresource Technology, 239, 151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.033.
Jin, F., Zhou, Z., Enomoto, H., Moriya, T., & Higashijima, H. (2004). Conversion mechanism of cellulosic biomass to lactic acid in subcritical water and acid–base catalytic effect of subcritical water. Chemistry Letters, 33, 126–127. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2004.126.
Jin, F., Zeng, X., Jing, Z., & Enomoto, H. (2012). A potentially useful technology by mimicking nature-rapid conversion of biomass and CO2 into chemicals and fuels under hydrothermal conditions. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 51, 9921–9937. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie202721q.
Jindal, M., & Jha, M. (2016). Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of waste furniture sawdust to bio-oil. Indian Chemical Engineer, 58, 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2015.1006145.
Joffres, B., Laurenti, D., Charon, N., Daudin, A., Quignard, A., & Geantet, C. (2013). Thermochemical conversion of lignin for fuels and chemicals: A review, Oil & Gas Science and Technology—Rev. IFP New Energies, 68, 753–763. https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2013132.
Kabyemela, B. M., Adschiri, T., Malaluan, R. M., & Arai, K. (1997). Kinetics of glucose epimerization and decomposition in subcritical and supercritical water. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 36, 1552–1558. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie960250h.
Kaparaju, P., Serrano, M., Thomsen, A. B., Kongjan, P., & Angelidaki, I. (2009). Bioethanol, biohydrogen and biogas production from wheat straw in a biorefinery concept. Bioresource Technology, 100, 2562–2568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.011.
Knez, Ž., Hrnčič, M. K., Čolnik, M., & Škerget, M. (2018). Chemicals and value added compounds from biomass using sub- and supercritical water. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 133, 591–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.08.011.
Kruse, A. (2008). Supercritical water gasification. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefining, 2, 415–437. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.93.
Kruse, A., & Dinjus, E. (2007). Hot compressed water as reaction medium and reactant properties and synthesis reactions. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 39, 362–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2006.03.016.
Laser, M., Jin, H., Jayawardhana, K., & Lynd, L. R. (2009). Coproduction of ethanol and power from switchgrass. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 3, 195–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.133.
Leow, S., Witter, J. R., Vardon, D. R., Sharma, B. K., Guest, J. S., & Strathmann, T. J. (2015). Prediction of microalgae hydrothermal liquefaction products from feedstock biochemical composition. Green Chemistry, 17, 3584–3599. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC00574D.
Li, L., Coppola, E., Rine, J., Miller, J. L., & Walker, D. (2010). Catalytic Hydrothermal Conversion of Triglycerides to Non-ester Biofuels. Energy & Fuels, 24, 1305–1315. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef901163a.
Li, C., Yang, X., Zhang, Z., Zhou, D., Zhang, L., Zhang, S., & Chen, J. (2013). Hydrothermal liquefaction of desert shrub salix psammophila to high value-added chemicals and hydrochar with recycled processing water. BioResources, 8(2), 2981–2997. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.2.2981-2997.
Li, Y., Leow, S., Fedders, A. C., Sharma, B. K., Guest, J. S., & Strathmann, T. J. (2017). Quantitative multiphase model for hydrothermal liquefaction of algal biomass. Green Chemistry, 19, 1163–1174. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC03294J.
Lipinsky, E. S. (1981). Chemicals from biomass: Petrochemical substitution options. Science, 212, 1465–1471. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.212.4502.1465.
Lu, J., Brown, J. S., Liotta, C. L., & Eckert, C. A. (2001). Polarity and hydrogen bonding of ambient to near-critical water: Kamlet–Taft solvent parameters. Chem Commun, 665–666. https://doi.org/10.1039/B100425P.
Luijkx, G. C. A., van Rantwijk, F., & van Bekkum, H. (1993). Hydrothermal formation of 1,2,4-benzenetriol from 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde and D-fructose. Carbohydrate Research, 242, 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(93)80027-C.
Lynd, L. R., Larson, E., Greene, N., Laser, M., Sheehan, J., Dale, B. E., et al. (2009). The role of biomass in America’s energy future: Framing the analysis. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 3, 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.134.
Maddi, B., Panisko, E., Wietsma, T., Lemmon, T., Swita, M., & Albrecht, K. (2016). Quantitative characterization of the aqueous fraction from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. Biomass Bioenergy, 93, 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.07.010.
Maddi, B., Panisko, E., Albrecht, K., & Howe, D. (2016b). Qualitative characterization of the aqueous fraction from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae Using 2D gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 109, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3791/53634.
Maddi, B., Panisko, E., Wietsma, T., Lemmon, T., Swita, M., Albrecht, K., et al. (2017). Quantitative characterization of aqueous byproducts from hydrothermal liquefaction of municipal wastes, food industry wastes, and biomass grown on waste. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 5(3), 2205–2214. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02367.
Madsen, R. B., Biller, P., Jensen, M. M., Becker, J., Iversen, B. B., & Glasius, M. (2016). Predicting the Chemical Composition of Aqueous Phase from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Model Compounds and Biomasses. Energy & Fuels, 30(12), 10470–10483. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02007.
Maity, S. K. (2015). Opportunities, recent Trends and challenges of Integrated Biorefinery: Part I. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 43, 1427–1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.092.
Malins, K., Kampars, V., Brinks, J., Neibolte, I., Murnieks, R., & Kampare, R. (2015). Bio-oil from thermo-chemical hydro liquefaction of wet sewage sludge. Bioresource Technology, 187, 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.093.
Marcus, Y. (2014). Hydrogen bonding in supercritical water. In Z. Fang & C. Xu (Eds.), Near-critical and supercritical water and their applications for biorefineries (Vol. 2, pp. 3–40). Dordrecht: Springer.
Matsumura, Y., Yanachi, S., & Yoshida, T. (2006). Glucose decomposition kinetics in water at 25 MPa in the temperature range of 448–673 K. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 45, 1875–1879. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie050830r.
McGraw, G. W., Hemingway, R. W., Ingram, L. L., Canady, C. S., & McGraw, W. B. (1999). Thermal Degradation of Terpenes: Camphene, Δ3-Carene, Limonene, and α-Terpinene. Environmental Science and Technology, 33, 4029–4033. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9810641.
McKendry, P. (2002). Energy production from biomass. Part 1: overview of biomass. Bioresource Technology, 83, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00118-3.
Minami, K., Mizuta, M., Suzuki, M., Aizawa, T., & Arai, K. (2006). Determination of Kamlet-Taft solvent parameters π* of high pressure and supercritical water by the UV-Vis absorption spectral shift of 4-nitroanisole. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 8, 2257–2264. https://doi.org/10.1039/B516862G.
Mok, W. S. L., & Antal, M. J., Jr. (1992). Uncatalyzed solvolysis of whole biomass hemicellulose by hot compressed liquid water. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 31, 1157–1161. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00004a026.
Möller, M., Nilges, P., Harnisch, F., & Schröder, U. (2011). Subcritical water as reaction environment: Fundamentals of hydrothermal biomass transformation. Chemsuschem, 4, 566–579. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201000341.
Neset, T. S. S., & Cordell, D. (2012). Global phosphorus scarcity: Identifying synergies for a sustainable future. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92(1), 2–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4650.
Oasmaa, A., & Johansson, A. (1993). Catalytic hydrotreating of lignin with water-soluble molybdenum catalyst. Energy & Fuels, 7, 426–429. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00039a015.
Octave, S., & Thomas, D. (2009). Biorefinery: Toward an industrial metabolism. Biochimie, 91, 659–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2009.03.015.
Öhrman, O. G. W., Weiland, F., Pettersson, E., Johansson, A.-C., Hedman, H., & Pedersen, M. (2013). Pressurized oxygen blown entrained flow gasification of a biorefinery lignin residue. Fuel Processing Technology, 115, 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.04.009.
Onwudili, J. A., Lea-Langton, A. R., Ross, A. B., & Williams, P. T. (2013). Catalytic hydrothermal gasification of algae for hydrogen production: Composition of reaction products and potential for nutrient recycling. Bioresource Technology, 127, 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.020.
Pedersen, T. H., Jasiūnas, L., Casamassima, L., Singh, S., Jensen, T., & Rosendahl, L. A. (2015). Synergetic hydrothermal co-liquefaction of crude glycerol and aspen wood. Energy Conversion and Management, 106, 886–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.165.
Pedersen, T. H., Grigoras, I. F., Hoffmann, J., Toor, S. S., Daraban, I. M., Jensen, C. U., et al. (2016). Continuous hydrothermal co-liquefaction of aspen wood and glycerol with water phase recirculation. Applied Energy, 162, 1034–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.165.
Peterson, A. A., Vogel, F., Lachance, R. P., Fröling, M., Antal, M. J., & Tester, J. W. (2008a). Thermochemical biofuel production in hydrothermal media: A review of sub- and supercritical water technologies. Energy & Environmental Science, 1, 32–65. https://doi.org/10.1039/B810100K.
Peterson, A. A., Vogel, F., Lachance, R. P., Fröling, M., Antal, Jr. M. J., & Tester, J. W. (2008). Thermochemical biofuel production in hydrothermal media: a review of sub- and supercritical water technologies. Energy & Environmental Science, 1(32). https://doi.org/10.1039/b810100k.
Pinkowska, H., Wolak, P., & Zocinska, A. (2012). Hydrothermal decomposition of alkali lignin in sub- and supercritical water. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 187, 410–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.01.092.
Qi, J., & Xiuyang, L. (2007). Kinetics of non-catalyzed decomposition of D-xylose in high temperature liquid water. The Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 15, 666–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1004-9541(07)60143-8.
Quitain, A., Sato, N., Daimon, H., & Fujie, K. (2001). Production of valuable materials by hydrothermal treatment of shrimp shells. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 40, 5885–5888. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie010439f.
Quitain, A. T., Sato, N., Daimon, H., & Fujie, K. (2003). Qualitative Investigation on Hydrothermal Treatment of Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) Bark for Production of Useful Chemicals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 7926–7929. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf021014m.
Quitain, A. T., Daimon, H., Fujie, K., Katoh, S., & Moriyoshi, T. (2006). Microwave-assisted hydrothermal degradation of silk protein to amino acids. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 45, 4471–4474. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0580699.
Ramos-Tercero, E. A., Bertucco, A., & Brilman, D. W. F. (2015). Process water recycle in hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae to enhance bio-oil yield. Energy & Fuels, 29(4), 2422–2430. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef50277.
Reddy, H. K., Muppaneni, T., & Deng, S. (2015). Sub and supercritical fluid technologies for the production of renewable (Bio) transportation Fuels, 163–181. https://doi.org/10.5772/59818.
Rogalinski, T., Herrmann, S., & Brunner, G. (2005). Production of amino acids from bovine serum albumin by continuous sub-critical water hydrolysis. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 36, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2005.03.001.
Román-Leshkov, Y., Barrett, C. J., Liu, Z. Y., & Dumesic, J. A. (2007). Production of dimethyl furan for liquid fuels from biomass-derived carbohydrates. Nature, 447, 982–985. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05923.
Ross, A. B., Biller, P., Kubacki, M. L., Li, H., Lea-Langton, A., & Jones, J. M. (2010). Hydrothermal processing of microalgae using alkali and organic acids. Fuel, 89(9), 2234–2243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.025.
Russell, J., Miller, R., & Molton, P. (1983). Formation of aromatic compounds from condensation reactions of cellulose degradation products. Biomass, 3, 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(83)90007-0.
Saisu, M., Sato, T., Watanabe, M., Adschiri, T., & Arai, K. (2003). Conversion of lignin with supercritical water–phenol mixtures. Energy & Fuels, 17, 922–928. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0202844.
Sasaki, M., Kabyemela, B., Malaluan, R., Hirose, S., Takeda, N., Adschiri, T., et al. (1998). Cellulose hydrolysis in subcritical and supercritical water. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 13, 261–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-8446(98)00060-6.
Sasaki, M., Fang, Z., Fukushima, Y., Adschiri, T., & Arai, K. (2000). Dissolution and hydrolysis of cellulose in subcritical and supercritical water. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 39, 2883–2890. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie990690j.
Saxena, R. C., Adhikari, D. K., & Goyal, H. B. (2009). Biomass-based energy fuel through biochemical routes: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.07.011.
Shakya, R., Whelen, J., Adhikari, S., Mahadevan, R., & Neupane, S. (2015). Effect of temperature and Na2CO3 catalyst on hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. Algal Research, 12, 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2015.08.006.
Shaw, R. W., Brill, T. B., Clifford, A. A., Eckert, C. A., & Franck, E. U. (1991). Supercritical water a medium for chemistry. Chemical & Engineering News, 69, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v069n051.p026.
Sheehan, J. D., & Savage, P. E. (2017). Modeling the effects of microalga biochemical content on the kinetics and biocrude yields from hydrothermal liquefaction. Bioresource Technology, 239, 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.013.
Sheng, L., Wang, X., & Yang, X. (2018). Prediction model of biocrude yield and nitrogen heterocyclic compounds analysis by hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae with model compounds. Bioresource Technology, 247, 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.011.
Shuping, Z., Yulong, W., Mingde, Y., Kaleem, I., Chun, L., & Tong, J. (2010). Production and characterization of bio-oil from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta cake. Energy, 35(12), 5406–5411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.07.013.
Singh, P. P., & Saldaña, M. D. A. (2011). Subcritical water extraction of phenolic compounds from potato peel. Food Research International, 44, 2452–2458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.02.006.
Srokol, Z., Bouche, A.-G., Estrik, A. V., Strik, R. C., Maschmeyer, T., & Peters, J. A. (2004). Hydrothermal upgrading of biomass to biofuel; studies on some monosaccharide model compounds. Carbohydrate Research, 339, 1717–1726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2004.04.018.
Tekin, K., Karagöz, S., & Bektaş, S. (2014). A review of hydrothermal biomass processing. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 673–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.216.
Teri, G., Luo, L., & Savage, P. E. (2014). Hydrothermal treatment of protein, polysaccharide, and lipids alone and in mixtures. Energy Fuels, 28, 7501–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef501760d.
Tommaso, G., Chen, W. T., Li, P., Schideman, L., & Zhang, Y. (2015). Chemical characterization and anaerobic biodegradability of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous products from mixed-culture wastewater algae. Bioresource Technology, 178, 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.01.
Toufiq Reza, M. (2018). Hydrothermal Processes for Biofuel and Bioenergy Production. In V. G. Gude (Ed.), Green chemistry for sustainable Biofuel production (pp. 243–285). Toronto, New Jersey: Taylor & Francis.
Valdez, P. J., Tocco, V. J., & Savage, P. E. (2014). A general kinetic model for the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae. Bioresource Technology, 163, 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.013.
Villadsen, S. R., Dithmer, L., Forsberg, R., Becker, J., Rudolf, A., Iversen, S. B., et al. (2012). Development and application of chemical analysis methods for investigation of bio-oils and aqueous phase from hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. Energy & Fuels, 26(11), 6988–6998. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef300954e.
Vo, T. K., Lee, O. K., Lee, E. Y., Kim, C. H., Seo, J.-W., Kim, J., et al. (2016). Kinetics study of the hydrothermal liquefaction of the microalga Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. Chemical Engineering Journal, 306, 763–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.07.104.
Vogel, G. H. (2012). Supercritical water a green solvent: properties and uses, First Edition. Yizhak Marcus. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201300111.
Wahyudiono, S. M., & Goto, M. (2008). Recovery of phenolic compounds through the decomposition of lignin in near and supercritical water. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 47, 1609–1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2007.09.001.
Xiang, Q., Lee, Y., & Torget, R. (2004). Kinetics of glucose decomposition during dilute-acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 115, 1127–1138. https://doi.org/10.1385/ABAB:115:1-3:1127.
Xiu, S., Shahbazi, A., Shirley, V., & Cheng, D. (2010). Hydrothermal pyrolysis of swine manure to bio-oil: effects of operating parameters on products yield and characterization of bio-oil. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 88, 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2010.02.011.
Yang, Y. (2007). Subcritical water chromatography: A green approach to high-temperature liquid chromatography. Journal of Separation Science, 30, 1131–1140. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700008.
Yang, Y., Kayan, B., Bozer, N., Pate, B., Baker, C., & Gizir, A. M. (2007). Terpene degradation and extraction from basil and oregano leaves using subcritical water. Journal of Chromatography A, 1152, 262–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.037.
Yang, J., He, Q., Niu, H., Corscadden, K., & Astatkie, T. (2018). Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass model components for product yield prediction and reaction pathways exploration. Applied Energy, 228, 1618–1628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.142.
Zhu, Z., Toor, S. S., Rosendahl, L., & Chen, G. (2014). Analysis of product distribution and characteristics in hydrothermal liquefaction of barley straw in subcritical and supercritical water. Environ Progress Sustain Energy, 33, 737–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.10.005.
Zhu, Z., Rosendahl, L., Toor, S. S., Yu, D., & Chen, G. (2015). Hydrothermal liquefaction of barley straw to bio-crude oil: Effects of reaction temperature and aqueous phase recirculation. Applied Energy, 137, 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.10.005.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sharma, K., Toor, S.S., Shah, A.A., Rosendahl, L.A. (2021). Green and Sustainable Biomass Processing for Fuels and Chemicals. In: Inamuddin, Khan, A. (eds) Sustainable Bioconversion of Waste to Value Added Products. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61837-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61837-7_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-61836-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-61837-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)