Abstract
In February 2017, the SHA-1 hashing algorithm was practically broken using an identical-prefix collision attack implemented on a GPU cluster, and in January 2020 a chosen-prefix collision was first computed with practical implications on various security protocols. These advances opened the door for several research questions, such as the minimal cost to perform these attacks in practice. In particular, one may wonder what is the best technology for software/hardware cryptanalysis of such primitives. In this paper, we address some of these questions by studying the challenges and costs of building an ASIC cluster for performing attacks against a hash function. Our study takes into account different scenarios and includes two cryptanalytic strategies that can be used to find such collisions: a classical generic birthday search, and a state-of-the-art differential attack using neutral bits for SHA-1.
We show that for generic attacks, GPU and ASIC poses a serious practical threat to primitives with security level \(\sim 64\) bits, with rented GPU a good solution for a one-off attack, and ASICs more efficient if the attack has to be run a few times. ASICs also pose a non-negligible security risk for primitives with 80-bit security. For differential attacks, GPUs (purchased or rented) are often a very cost-effective choice, but ASIC provides an alternative for organizations that can afford the initial cost and look for a compact, energy-efficient, reusable solution. In the case of SHA-1, we show that an ASIC cluster costing a few millions would be able to generate chosen-prefix collisions in a day or even in a minute. This extends the attack surface to TLS and SSH, for which the chosen-prefix collision would need to be generated very quickly.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Beaulieu, R., Shors, D., Smith, J., Treatman-Clark, S., Weeks, B., Wingers, L.: The simon and speck lightweight block ciphers. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Design Automation Conference. DAC 2015, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2015). https://doi.org/10.1145/2744769.2747946
Bhargavan, K., Leurent, G.: Transcript collision attacks: breaking authentication in TLS, IKE and SSH. In: NDSS 2016. The Internet Society (2016)
Bogdanov, A., Kavun, E., Paar, C., Rechberger, C., Yalcin, T.: Better than brute-force–optimized hardware architecture for efficient biclique attacks on aes-128. In: ECRYPT Workshop, SHARCS-Special Purpose Hardware for Attacking Cryptographic Systems (2012)
Bogdanov, A., Khovratovich, D., Rechberger, C.: Biclique cryptanalysis of the full AES. In: Lee, D.H., Wang, X. (eds.) Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2011, pp. 344–371. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
globalpetrolprices.com: https://www.globalpetrolprices.com
Güneysu, T., Kasper, T., Novotnỳ, M., Paar, C., Rupp, A.: Cryptanalysis with COPACOBANA. IEEE Trans. Comput. 57(11), 1498–1513 (2008)
Hassan, M., Khalid, A., Chattopadhyay, A., Rechberger, C., Güneysu, T., Paar, C.: New asic/fpga cost estimates for sha-1 collisions. In: Digital System Design (DSD), 2015 Euromicro Conference on, pp. 669–676. IEEE (2015)
Jones, H.: FINFET and FD SOI: market and cost analysis. FDSOI Forum 2018. http://soiconsortium.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/MS-FDSOI9.1818-cr.pdf (2018)
Joux, A., Peyrin, T.: Hash functions and the (amplified) boomerang attack. In: Menezes, A. (ed.) CRYPTO 2007. LNCS, vol. 4622, pp. 244–263. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74143-5_14
Karpman, P., Peyrin, T., Stevens, M.: Practical free-start collision attacks on 76-step SHA-1. In: Gennaro, R., Robshaw, M. (eds.) CRYPTO 2015. LNCS, vol. 9215, pp. 623–642. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47989-6_30
Khairallah, M., Najm, Z., Chattopadhyay, A., Peyrin, T.: Crack me if you can: Hardware acceleration bridging the gap between practical and theoretical cryptanalysis?: a survey. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems: Architectures, Modeling, and Simulation. pp. 167–172. SAMOS 2018, ACM, New York, NY, USA (2018). http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3229631.3239366
Kumar, S., Paar, C., Pelzl, J., Pfeiffer, G., Schimmler, M.: Breaking ciphers with COPACOBANA –a cost-optimized parallel code breaker. In: Goubin, L., Matsui, M. (eds.) CHES 2006. LNCS, vol. 4249, pp. 101–118. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11894063_9
Leurent, G., Peyrin, T.: From collisions to chosen-prefix collisions application to full SHA-1. In: Ishai, Y., Rijmen, V. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2019. LNCS, vol. 11478, pp. 527–555. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17659-4_18
Leurent, G., Peyrin, T.: Sha-1 is a shambles - first chosen-prefix collision on sha-1 and application to the pgp web of trust. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2020/014 (2020), https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/014
Pollard, J.M.: Monte carlo methods for index computation. Math. Comput. 32(143), 918–924 (1978)
Stevens, M.: New collision attacks on SHA-1 based on optimal joint local-collision analysis. In: Johansson, T., Nguyen, P.Q. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2013. LNCS, vol. 7881, pp. 245–261. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38348-9_15
Stevens, M., Bursztein, E., Karpman, P., Albertini, A., Markov, Y.: The first collision for full SHA-1. In: Katz, J., Shacham, H. (eds.) CRYPTO 2017. LNCS, vol. 10401, pp. 570–596. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63688-7_19
Stevens, M., Karpman, P., Peyrin, T.: Freestart collision for full SHA-1. In: Fischlin, M., Coron, J.-S. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2016. LNCS, vol. 9665, pp. 459–483. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49890-3_18
Brostöm, T.: Lightweight trusted computing. https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2019/11/lightweight-cryptography-workshop-2019 (2019)
Tu, Y.M., Lu, C.W.: The influence of lot size on production performance in wafer fabrication based on simulation. In: Procedia Engineering, 13th Global Congress on Manufacturing and Management Zhengzhou, China 28–30 November, 2016, vol. 174, pp. 135–144 (2017). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705817301807,
Van Oorschot, P.C., Wiener, M.J.: Parallel collision search with cryptanalytic applications. J. Cryptol. 12(1), 1–28 (1999)
Wang, X., Yao, A.C., Yao, F.: Cryptanalysis on sha-1. In: Cryptographic Hash Workshop hosted by NIST (2005)
Wiki, E.: Ethash. GitHub Ethereum Wiki. https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethash (2017)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. The authors are supported by a Temasek Labs grant (DSOCL16194).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
A Chip layout
A Chip layout
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Chattopadhyay, A., Khairallah, M., Leurent, G., Najm, Z., Peyrin, T., Velichkov, V. (2021). On the Cost of ASIC Hardware Crackers: A SHA-1 Case Study. In: Paterson, K.G. (eds) Topics in Cryptology – CT-RSA 2021. CT-RSA 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12704. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75539-3_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75539-3_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-75538-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-75539-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)