Abstract
This paper traces the Chinese patronage of church architecture in early twentieth-century Singapore through a discussion of three churches built or renovated during this period. In the early twentieth century, Singapore’s Chinese community became significant patrons of ecclesiastical architecture. As Chinese congregations grew, so too did their spatial needs. Donations from this mercantile community ensured that their churches were lavish monuments, tangible symbols of piety, wealth, and patronage. These churches are also monuments to an Asian diaspora negotiating their Western faith, and expressing their religious affiliations through architecture. The influence of French missionaries is discernible in Singapore’s Catholic churches, where Chinese patronage is read through donor panels on stained glass windows and other architectural benefactions. By contrast, some Protestant churches demonstrated a willingness to incorporate Chinese architectural elements, as in the Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church. Singapore’s Chinese Christians thus practiced architectural patronage in various ways: by funding the construction of new churches, by bankrolling the renovation and expansion of old ones, and by constructing new monuments which blended Western architecture with Chinese architectural traditions. The churches built by and for Singapore’s Chinese Christians were thus syncretic monuments to this multifaceted community’s faith and identity.
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Notes
- 1.
Singh and Tay (2009).
- 2.
Wijeyasingha (2006).
- 3.
Pieris (2009).
- 4.
Lau (2008).
- 5.
Scott (2016).
- 6.
Ibid.
- 7.
Ibid.
- 8.
Ibid.; also cf. Lau (2008).
- 9.
Lau (2008).
- 10.
Ibid.
- 11.
Société des Missions-Étrangères (1900).
- 12.
Wijeyasingha (2006).
- 13.
Ibid.
- 14.
Tan (2004).
- 15.
Yeo (2017).
- 16.
Nain (1913).
- 17.
Bernatz (1910).
- 18.
Nain, “Proposed New Front Elevation for St Joseph’s Institution, Singapore”.
- 19.
“Death of Mr J. Chan Teck Hee.” The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 10 September 1930, p. 167.
- 20.
Ibid.; “Death of Mr Low Kiok Chiang.” The Straits Times, 22 March 1911, p. 9.
- 21.
Ibid.
- 22.
Société des Missions-Étrangères (1900).
- 23.
Tomlinson and Lermit (1908).
- 24.
“Church of Sacred Heart.” Malaya Tribune, 5 October 1935, p. 12.
- 25.
Ibid.; Wijeyasingha (2006).
- 26.
Nain (1913).
- 27.
“Death of Low Kiok Chiang.” The Straits Times, 22 March 1911, p. 9.
- 28.
Lau (2008).
- 29.
“Teluk Ayer New Church.” The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 16 January 1924, p. 8.
- 30.
- 31.
“Teluk Ayer New Church.” The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 16 January 1924, p. 8.
- 32.
“A Chinese Church.” The Straits Times, 9 April 1925, p. 9.
- 33.
Ibid.
- 34.
“The New Chinese Church.” The Malayan Saturday Post, 2 February 1924, p. 24.
- 35.
Yeo and Yu (2009).
- 36.
- 37.
Yeo and Yu (2009).
- 38.
Liew (2016).
- 39.
- 40.
Ibid.
- 41.
“Methodist Mission Recreation Building.” The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 19 November 1924, p. 328; “Methodist Mission.” The Straits Times, 14 November 1924, p. 10.
- 42.
“The New Chinese Church.” The Malayan Saturday Post, 2 February 1924, p. 24.
- 43.
“A Chinese Church.” The Straits Times, 9 April 1925, p. 9.
- 44.
“$10,000 for Telok Ayer Church.” The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 15 February 1921, p. 7.
- 45.
“Methodist Mission Recreation Building.” The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 19 November 1924, p. 328.
- 46.
“Methodist Mission.” The Straits Times, 14 November 1924, p. 10.
- 47.
“The New Chinese Church.” The Malayan Saturday Post, 2 February 1924, p. 24.
- 48.
“Methodist Mission.” The Straits Times, 14 November 1924, p. 10.
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Acknowledgments
This research was supported in part by a research grant provided by the Hokkien Foundation Endowed Professorship in Architectural Conservation at the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD). Dr. Speechley would also like to acknowledge the generous support provided by the Australian Centre for Architectural History, Urban and Cultural Heritage (ACAHUCH) at the University of Melbourne.
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Speechley, ST., Yeo, K.S. (2021). ‘They Will not Suffer a Church More Beautiful Than Their Own’:. In: Xu, S., Aoki, N., Vieira Amaro, B. (eds) East Asian Architecture in Globalization. EAAC 2017. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75937-7_5
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