Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the analysis of thermodynamic properties of thermal plasmas under nonequilibrium conditions. In the course of the development of thermal plasma technology, the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) in the hot regions of the plasma has been generally accepted. However, over the past years there has been increasing evidence that the existence of LTE in thermal plasmas is rather the exception than the rule. Therefore, it is important to quantify the effects of deviations from LTE in order to provide guidance for computer simulation of flow, temperature, and particle concentrations in plasma reactors. This can only be achieved through a fundamental understanding of the basic phenomena involved and their influence on the plasma properties. The presentation of this chapter is divided into two main sections. The first section deals with two-temperature plasmas, calculation of the partition function and of the plasma composition, and their influence on the corresponding thermodynamic properties. The second section deals with deviations from local chemical equilibrium introducing the concepts of steady-state kinetic calculations, state-to-state approach, and pseudo-equilibrium calculations. Examples are given mostly for argon and nitrogen plasmas at atmospheric and higher pressures. These are complemented by other gaseous systems including argon–hydrogen, or nitrogen–oxygen, and CO2 mixtures.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- DC:
-
Direct Current
- LCE:
-
Local chemical equilibrium
- LTE:
-
Local thermodynamic equilibrium
- NIST:
-
National Institute of Standards and Technology
- NLCE:
-
Non-local chemical equilibrium
- NLTE:
-
Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium
- RF:
-
Radio Frequency
References
André P (1995) Partition functions and concentrations in plasmas out of thermal equilibrium. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 23(3):453–458
André P, Abbaoui M, Lefort A, Parizet MJ (1996) Numerical method and composition in multi-temperature plasmas: application to an Ar-H2 mixture. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 16(3):379–398
André P, Abbaoui M, Bessege R, Lefort A (1997) Comparison between Gibbs free energy minimization and mass action law for a multitemperature plasma with application to nitrogen. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 17(2):207–217
André P, Aubreton J, Elchinger MF, Fauchais P, Lefort A (1999) In: Fauchais P, Amouroux J (eds) Plasma concentrations out of equilibrium: N2 (kinetic method and mass action law), Ar–CCl4 and Ar–H2CCl4 (mass action law). The Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, pp 85–94
André P, Aubreton J, Elchinger MF, Fauchais P, Lefort A (2001) A new modified pseudoequilibrium calculation to determine the composition of hydrogen and nitrogen plasmas at atmospheric pressure. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 21(1):83–105
Aubreton J, Elchinger MF, Fauchais P (1998) New method to calculate thermodynamic and transport properties of a multi-temperature plasma: application to N2 plasma. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 18(1):1–27
Aubreton J, Elchinger MF, Fauchais P, Rat V, André P (2004) Thermodynamic and transport properties of a ternary Ar–H2–He mixture out of equilibrium up to 30,000K at atmospheric pressure. J Phys D Appl Phys 37:2232–2246
Aubreton J, Elchinger MF, Andre P (2013) Influence of partition function and interaction potential on transport properties of thermal plasmas. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 33:367–399
Baeva M, Kozakov R, Gorchakov S, Uhrlandt D (2012) Two-temperature chemically non-equilibrium modeling of transferred arcs. Plasma Sources Sci Technol 21:055027, 13 pp
Boselli M, Colombo V, Ghedini E, Gherardi M, Sanibondi P (2013) Two-temperature modeling and optical emission spectroscopy of a constant current plasma arc welding process. J Phys D Appl Phys 46(22):224009
Capitelli M, Giordano D, Colonna G (2008) The role of Debye-Hückel electronic energy levels on the thermodynamic properties of hydrogen plasmas including isentropic coefficients. Phys Plasmas 15:082115
Capitelli M, Armenise I, Bruno D, Cacciatore M, Celiberto R, Colonna G, De Pascale O, Diomede P, Esposito F, Gorse C, Hassouni K, Laricchiuta A, Longo S, Pagano D, Pietanza D, Rutigliano M (2007) Non-equilibrium plasma kinetics: a state-to-state approach. Plasma Sources Sci Technol 16:S30–S44
Capitelli M, Armenise I, Bisceglie E, Bruno D, Celiberto R, Colonna G, D’Ammando G, De Pascale O, Esposito F, Gorse C, Laporta V, Laricchiuta A (2012) Thermodynamics, transport and kinetics of equilibrium and non-equilibrium plasmas: a state-to-state approach. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 32:427–450
Chen X, Han P (1999) On the thermodynamic derivation of the Saha equation modified to a two-temperature plasma. J Phys D Appl Phys 32:1711–1718
Chen DM, Hsu KC, Pfender E (1981) Two-temperature modeling of an arc plasma reactor. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 1:295–314
Cliteur GJ, Suzuki K, Tanaka Y, Sakuta T, Matsubara T, Yokomizu Y, Matsumura T (1999) On the determination of the multi-temperature SF6 plasma composition. J Phys D Appl Phys 32:1851–1856
Colombo V, Ghedini E, Sanibondi P (2009) Two-temperature thermodynamic and transport properties of argon–hydrogen and nitrogen–hydrogen plasmas. J Phys D Appl Phys 42:055213
Colombo V, Ghedini E, Sanibondi P (2011) Two-temperature thermodynamic and transport properties of carbon–oxygen plasmas. Plasma Sources Sci Technol 20:035003
Fauchais P, Coudert JF, Vardelle M (1989) In: Flamm D, Aucellio F (eds) Plasma diagnostics, vol 1. Academic, New York, pp 349–446
Ghorui S, Heberlein JVR, Pfender E (2007) Thermodynamic and transport properties of two-temperature oxygen plasmas. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 27:267–291
Ghorui S, Heberlein JVR, Pfender E (2008) Thermodynamic and transport properties of two-temperature nitrogen-oxygen. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 28:553–582
Gleizes A, Chervy B, Gonzalez JJ (1999) Calculation of a two-temperature plasma composition: bases and application to SF6. J Phys D Appl Phys 32:2060–2067
Gordon MH, Kruger CH (1993) Temperature and density measurements in a recombining argon plasma with diluent. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 13:365–378
Herzberg G (1959) Spectra of diatomic molecules. D. van Nostrand Company, New York
Hsu KC, Pfender E. Calculation of thermodynamic and transport properties of a two-temperature argon plasma. In: Proceedings of the fifth international symposium on plasma chemistry, vol. 1144. Heriot- Watt University Edinburgh, Scotland
Park J, Heberlein J, Pfender E, Candler G, Chang CH (2008) Two-dimensional numerical modeling of direct- current electric arcs in nonequilibrium. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 28:213–231
Potapov AV (1966) High Temp 4:48
Rat V, André P, Aubreton J, Elchinger MF, Fauchais P, Lefort A (2001) A modified pseudo-equilibrium model competing with kinetic models to determine the composition of a two-temperature SF6 atmosphere plasma. J Phys D Appl Phys 34:2191–2204
Rat V, André P, Aubreton J, Elchinger MF, Fauchais P, Lefort A (2002a) Transport coefficients including diffusion in a two-temperature argon plasma. J Phys D Appl Phys 35:981–991
Rat V, André P, Aubreton J, Elchinger MF, Fauchais P, Lefort A (2002b) Two-temperature transport coefficients in argon–hydrogen plasmas – II: inelastic processes and influence of composition. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 22(4):475–493
Rat V, André P, Aubreton J, Elchinger MF, Fauchais P, Lefort A (2002c) Two-temperature transport coefficients in argon–hydrogen plasmas – I: elastic processes and collision integrals. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 22(4):453–474
Rat V, Murphy AB, Aubreton J, Elchinger MF, Fauchais P (2008) Treatment of non-equilibrium phenom- ena in thermal plasma flows. J Phys D Appl Phys 41:183001, 28 pp
Richley E, Tuma DT (1982) On the determination of particle concentrations in multitemperature plasmas. J Appl Phys 53:8537–8542
Sourd B, Aubreton J, Elchinger MF, Labrot M, Michon U (2006) High temperature transport coefficients in e/C/H/N/O mixtures. J Phys D Appl Phys 39:1105
Tanaka Y (2004) Two-temperature chemically non-equilibrium modelling of high-power Ar–N2 inductively coupled plasmas at atmospheric pressure. J Phys D Appl Phys 37:1190–1205
Tanaka Y, Sakuta T (2002) Chemically non-equilibrium modelling of N2 thermal ICP at atmospheric pressure using reaction kinetics. J Phys D Appl Phys 35:468–476
Tanaka Y, Yokomizu Y (1997) Particle composition of high-pressure SF6 plasma with electron temperature greater than gas temperature. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 25(5):991–995
Trelles JP, Heberlein JVR, Pfender E (2007) Non-equilibrium modeling of arc plasma torches. J Phys D Appl Phys 40:5937–5952
Trelles JP, Chazelas C, Vardelle A, Heberlein JVR (2009) Arc plasma torch modeling. J Therm Spray Technol 18(5–6):728–752
van de Sanden MCM, Schram PPJM, Peeters AG, van der Mullen JAM, Kroesen GMW (1989) Thermodynamic generalization of the Saha equation for a two-temperature plasma. Phys Rev A 40:5273–5276
Wang H-X, Sun W-P, Sun S-R, Murphy AB, Ju Y (2014) Two-temperature chemical-nonequilibrium modelling of a high-velocity argon plasma flow in a low-power arcjet thruster. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 34:559–577
Ye R, Murphy AB, Ishigaki T (2007) Numerical modeling of an Ar–H2 radio-frequency plasma reactor under thermal and chemical nonequilibrium conditions. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 27(2007):189–204
Yu L, Pierrot L, Laux CO, Kruger CH (2001) Effects of vibrational nonequilibrium on the chemistry of two-temperature nitrogen plasmas. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 21(4):483–503
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Boulos, M.I., Fauchais, P.L., Pfender, E. (2023). Thermodynamic Properties of Non-equilibrium Plasmas. In: Boulos, M.I., Fauchais, P.L., Pfender, E. (eds) Handbook of Thermal Plasmas. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84936-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84936-8_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-84934-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-84936-8
eBook Packages: EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering