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Electrode Materials for Pharmaceuticals Determination

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Modified Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications

Part of the book series: Engineering Materials ((ENG.MAT.))

Abstract

The presence of pharmaceuticals in surface waters called for urgent concern in recent years due to their prospective environmental effects. Various analytical methods including chemiluminescence, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography have been employed for the determination of various pharmaceuticals. However, all these techniques are time-consuming, complicated and require expensive equipment. On the contrary, the electrochemical technique resolved these problems owing to its low cost, fast response, simplicity and ease of on-site application. Considering this, various electrodes have played significant roles in the determination of different drugs in biological, urine and pharmaceuticals formulations. Various electrodes are modified with various nanomaterials to improve the sluggish electron migration and electrode fouling, which reduces their selectivity and sensitivity. Considering this, the present chapter discusses the applications of various electrodes for different electrochemical analyses.

Graphical Abstract

Highlights

  1. 1.

    The application of various electrodes for electrochemical analysis.

  2. 2.

    The surface of boron-doped diamond electrodes can be cathodically and anodically pretreated.

  3. 3.

    Various nanomaterials are networked on the electrode surface to promote electron communication and migration.

  4. 4.

    Co-detection of various pharmaceuticals in various matrices.

  5. 5.

    Different binders are used to prevent the leaching of nanomaterials on the electrode surface.

Synopsis

Several analytical techniques are used in the detection of pharmaceuticals owing to their presence in various water bodies. Electrochemical methods have been the technique of choice owing to their analytical merits including simplicity, portability and low cost. In electrochemistry, different working electrodes play pivotal roles in performing an electrochemical experiment. Although they have several limitations such as sluggish electron transfer, high background current and electron fouling. These limitations can be overcome using smart and intelligent nanomaterials.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability, University of South Africa, Private Bag, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa

    Kabir Opeyemi Otun

  2. Department of Chemical, Geological and Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, PMB. 1530, Ilorin, Nigeria

    Kabir Opeyemi Otun

  3. Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa

    Azeez Olayiwola Idris, Usisipho Feleni & Bhekie Mamba

  4. Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa

    Onoyivwe Monday Ama & Seyi Philemon Akanji

  5. Department of Physics and Space Science, School of Physical Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya

    Robert Birundu Onyancha

  6. Department of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa

    Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe

  7. Climatic/Environmental/Telecommunication Unit, Department of Physics, Edo University Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria

    Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor

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  1. Azeez Olayiwola Idris
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  2. Onoyivwe Monday Ama
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Onoyivwe Monday Ama

  2. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Suprakas Sinha Ray

  3. Faculty of Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa

    Peter Ogbemudia Osifo

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Idris, A.O. et al. (2022). Electrode Materials for Pharmaceuticals Determination. In: Ama, O.M., Sinha Ray, S., Ogbemudia Osifo, P. (eds) Modified Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications. Engineering Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85555-0_8

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