Abstract
Complexity is an essential and fundamental concept in complex systems. The most rudimentary perspective of complexity suggests a large number of entities/variables in rich interaction, not totally “knowable,” subject to emergence, and dynamically changing over time. However, for complex system governance (CSG), complexity has much more profound ramifications than the rudimentary perspective. Thus, the purpose of this chapter is to explore in-depth the nature, role, and implications of complexity for CSG. Three central themes of complexity are explored. First, the many different variations of complexity are synthesized into a set of cogent themes to provide a grounded perspective to inform CSG. Second, the role that complexity holds for the emerging CSG field is explored. Additionally, insights into the themes are provided in relation to CSG. Third, a set of implications of complexity for the design, deployment, and development aspects of CSG are examined. These implications are examined considering both field development as well as practice for CSG. The chapter closes with complexity-related challenges for CSG field development along with theoretical, methodological, and practice implications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ackoff R (1974) Redesigning the Future. Wiley, New York
Adami C (1998) Introduction to artificial life. Springer Science & Business Media
Addis L (1975) The logic of society: a philosophical study, vol 7. U of Minnesota Press
Allen P, McGlade J (1987) Modelling complex human systems: a fisheries example. Eur J Oper Res 30(2):147–167
Anderson PW (1972) More is different. Science 177(4047):393–396
Anzola D, Barbrook-Johnson P, Cano JI (2017) Self-organization and social science. Comput Math Organ Theory 23(2):221–257
Ashby W (1947) Principles of the self-organizing dynamic system. J Gen Psychol 37:25–128
Ashby WR (1947) The nervous system as physical machine: with special reference to the origin of adaptive behavior. Mind 56 (221) (January):44–59. http://tinyurl.com/aqcmdy
Ashby WR (1960) Design for a brain: the origin of adaptive behaviour, 2nd ed. Chapman & Hall, London. https://doi.org/10.1037/11592-000
Axelrod R (1984) The evolution of cooperation. Basic Books, New York
Batterman RW (2009) On the explanatory role of mathematics in empirical science. Br J Philos Sci 61(1):1–25
Beer S (1979) Heart of enterprise. Wiley
Beer S (1981) Brain of the Firm. Wiley
Beer S (1985) Diagnosing the system for organizations. Oxford University Press
Bertelsen S (2002) Bridging the gap–towards a comprehensive understanding of lean construction. In: IGLC-10, Gramado, Brazil
Boisot M, McKelvey B (2010) Integrating modernist and postmodernist perspectives on organizations: a complexity science bridge. Acad Manag Rev 35(3):415–433
Boisot M, McKelvey B (2011) Complexity and organisation—environment relations: revisiting Ashby’s law of requisite variety. In: Allen P, Maguire S, McKelvey B (eds) The SAGE book of complexity and management. London, pp 279–298
Bousquet A, Curtis S (2011) Beyond models and metaphors: complexity theory, systems thinking and international relations. Camb Rev Int Aff 24(1):43–62
Carley KM, Hill V (2001) Structural change and learning within organizations. In: Lomi A, Larsen ER (eds) Dynamics of organizational societies: computational modelling and organization theories. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp 63–92
Crutchfield JP, Young K (1993) Computation at the edge of chaos. In: Complexity, entropy and the physics of information: SFI studies in the sciences of complexity, pp 223–269
Crutchfield JP, Young K (1994) What lies between order and chaos. In: The sciences. New York Academy of Sciences
Deutsch KW (1963) The nerves of government: models of political communication and control. The Free Press, New York
Eigen M, Schuster P (1977) A principle of natural self-organization. Naturwissenschaften 64(11):541–565
Eigen S, Schuster P (1979) The hypercycle [electronic resource] a principle of natural self-organization
Epstein JM, Axtell R (1996) Growing artificial societies: social science from the bottom up. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Fernández N, Gershenson C (2013) Measuring complexity in an aquatic ecosystem. arXiv preprint arXiv:1305.5413
Fernández A, Gómez C, Hornero R, López-Ibor JJ (2013) Complexity and schizophrenia. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 45:267–276
Gershenson C (2013) The implications of interactions for science and philosophy. Foundations of Science Early View. http://arxiv.org/abs/1105.2827
Gershenson C (2014) Harnessing the complexity of education with information technology. arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.2827
Gershenson C (2015) Requisite variety, autopoiesis, and self-organization. Kybernetes
Gilbert N (2008) Agent-based models. Sage, London
Gilbert N, Anzola D, Johnson P, Elsenbroich C, Balke T, Dilaver O (2015) Self-organizing dynamical systems. In: Wright JD (ed) International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. Elsevier, London
Goldstein J (1999) Emergence as a construct: History and issues. Emergence 1(1):49–72
Griffeath D, Moore C (eds) (2003) New constructions in cellular automata. Oxford University Press on Demand
Guastello SJ (2002) Managing emergent phenomena: nonlinear dynamics in work organizations. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Haken W (1973) Connections between topological and group theoretical decision problems. In: Studies in logic and the foundations of mathematics, vol 71. Elsevier, pp 427–441
Haken H (1981) Chaos and order in nature. In: Chaos and order in nature. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 2–11
Haken H (2008) Self-organization of brain function. Scholarpedia 3:2555. https://doi.org/10.4249/Scholarpedia.2555
Harrison JR, Carroll GR (1991) Keeping the faith: a model of cultural transmission in formal organizations. Adm Sci Q 36(4):552–582. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393274
Hayek FA (1967) The theory of complex phenomena. In: Hayek FA (ed) Studies in philosophy, politics and economics. Routledge, London
Hayek FA (1978) The pretence of knowledge. In: Hayek FA (ed) New studies in philosophy, politics, economics and the history of ideas. Routledge, London
Holland JH (1988) The global economy as an adaptive system. In: Anderson PW, Arrow KJ, Pines D (eds) The economy as an evolving complex system. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, pp 117–124
Holland JH (1994) Echoing emergence: objectives, rough definitions, and speculations for ECHO-class models. In: Cowan GA, Pines D, Meltzer D (eds) Complexity: metaphors, models, and reality. Addison-Wesley
Homer-Dixon T (2015) Synchronous Failure. Ecol Soc 20(3)
Ireland V, Gorod A (2016) Contribution of complex systems to entrepreneurship. Entrep Res J 6(1):1–41
Jervis R (1997) System Effects. Princeton University Press. Kaski, T, Princeton
Johnson S (2002) Emergence: the connected lives of ants, brains, cities, and software. Simon and Schuster
Katina PF (2015) Emerging systems theory–based pathologies for governance of complex systems. Int J Syst Syst Eng 6(1–2):144–159
Katina PF (2016) Systems theory as a foundation for discovery of pathologies for complex system problem formulation. In: Applications of systems thinking and soft operations research in managing complexity. Springer, Cham, pp 227–267
Kauffman S (1995) At home at the universe. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Keating CB, Katina PF, Bradley JM (2015) Challenges for developing complex system governance. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2015 industrial and systems engineering research conference
Keating CB, Katina PF (2019) Complex system governance: concept, utility, and challenges. Syst Res Behav Sci 36(5):687–705
Keating CB, Morin M (2001) An approach for systems analysis of patient care operations. J Nurs Adm 31(7/8):355–363. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-200107000-00007
Koskinen KU (2013) Processual autopoietic knowledge production in organizations. In: Knowledge production in organization. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 1–5
Langton CG (1986) Studying artificial life with cellular automata. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenom 22(1–3):120–149
Langton CG (1996) SFI studies in the sciences of complexity, vol XVII. Addison-Wesley
Laughlin RB (2005) A different universe: reinventing physics from the bottom down. Basic Books (AZ)
LeBaron B (2000) Empirical regularities from interacting long- and short-memory investors in an agent-based stock market. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 5(5):442–455. https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.956709
Lewes GH (1875) On actors and the art of acting, vol 1533. B. Tauchnitz
Marinaro M, Tagliaferri R (2002) Neural nets. Springer-Verlag
Martelli M (1999) Introduction to discrete dynamical systems and chaos. Wiley
Maturana V, Varela FJ (1980) Autopoiesis and cognition the realization of the living. In: Boston studies in the philosophy of science, vol 42. D. Reidel Pub, Dordrecht, Holland; Boston
Maturana HR, Varela FJ (2012) Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of the living, vol 42. Springer Science & Business Media
May RM, Oster GF (1976) Bifurcations and dynamic complexity in simple ecological models. Am Nat 110(974):573–599
McShea DW (2000) Functional complexity in organisms: parts as proxies. Biol Philos 15(5):641–668
Merali Y, Allen P (2011) Complexity and systems thinking. In: The SAGE handbook of complexity and management, 31–52
Miller J, Page S (2007) Complex adaptive systems. Princeton University Press, New Jersey
Morin E (2007) Introduction to complex thinking. Barcelona: Gedisa: Barcelona. PMI (Project Management Institute). (2014). Navigating complexity: a practice guide. pp. 1–113
Moroni S (2015) Complexity and the inherent limits of explanation and prediction: urban codes for self-organising cities. Plan Theory 14(3):248–267
Nicolis P, Prigogine I (1989) Exploring complexity: an introduction. W.H. Freeman, New York
Orsini A, Le Prestre P, Haas PM, Brosig M, Pattberg P, Widerberg O, Gomez-Mera L, Morin J-F, Harrison NE, Geyer R, Chandler D (2019) Forum: complex systems and international governance. Int Stud Rev, 1–31
Prigogine I, Stengers I (1984) Order out of chaos: man’s new dialogue with nature. Boulder, CO: New Science Library
Prigogine I, Stengers I (2018) Order out of chaos: man’s new dialogue with nature. Verso Books
Prokopenko M, Boschetti F, Ryan AJ (2009) An information-theoretic primer on complexity, self-organization, and emergence. Complexity 15(1):11–28
Reid G (2007) The foundations of small business enterprise. Taylor and Francis
Rotmans J, Loorbach D (2009) Complexity and transition management. J Ind Ecol 13(2):184–196
Sawyer RK (2005) Social emergence: societies as complex systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Skar J (2003) Introduction: self-organization as an actual theme. Philos Trans Ser A Math Phys Eng Sci 361(1807):1049–1056
Schelling T (1971) Dynamic models of segregation. J Math Sociol 1(2):143–186
Simon H (1962) The architecture of complexity. Proc Am Philos Soc 106(6):467–482
Simon H (1981) The Sciences of the Artificial, 2nd edn. MIT Press, Cambridge
Solé R, Goodwin B (2000) How complexity pervades biology. Basic Books
Stewart I, Cohen J (1994) Why are there simple rules in a complicated universe? Futures 26(6):648–664
Teisman G, Gerrits L (2014) The emergence of complexity in the art and science of governance. Complex, Gov Netw 1(1):17–28
Varela F, Maturana H (1972) Mechanism and biological explanation. Philos Sci 39(3):378–382
Varela FG, Maturana HR, Uribe R (1974) Autopoiesis: the organization of living systems, its characterization and a model. Biosystems 5(4):187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/0303-2647(74)90031-8
Urry J (2003) Global complexity. Blackwell, London
Weaver W (1948) Science and Complexity. Am Sci 36:536
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chesterman, C.W., Keating, C.B., Ireland, V. (2022). Complexity. In: Keating, C.B., Katina, P.F., Chesterman Jr., C.W., Pyne, J.C. (eds) Complex System Governance. Topics in Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, vol 40. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93852-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93852-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-93851-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-93852-9
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)