Abstract
Mangrove systems act both as sink and source of GHGs including methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Mainly, it acts as a sink for CO2 because of its high biomass production. The higher source of organic carbon and rapid nutrient turnover are the key features of these systems. Mangrove systems facilitate methanogenesis and denitrification processes due to the dominance of anoxic conditions by frequent tidal water intrusions. Apart from these, mangroves provide significant ecological services including maintenance of biodiversity (mammals, birds, fish, algae, microbes), enhancing carbon (C) sequestration, protecting the coastal bank and sustaining economical profits. However, approximately, 40% of tropical mangrove forest was lost in the previous century primarily due to sea level rise, climate change and human-induced activities. About 10.5% of green was lost from Sundarban, India during 1930–2013. Major land use changes were from mangrove to rice and aquaculture-based agriculture. In last three decades, degraded mangrove, rice and aquaculture systems co-exists side by side and represent a typical ecology in Sundarban, India. This ecology has its unique carbon dynamics, GHGs emission pattern, microbial diversities and soil physiochemical dimensions. A distinct variations of the soil bacterial and archaeal diversities related to GHGs emissions and labile C-pools of degraded mangrove-rice system in wetland ecology exist. Soil physico-chemical properties (like high salinity, more available sulphur, sodium, iron) and the related microbial community (methanotrophs, methanogens, SRB) play an important role in carbon dynamics and to mitigate CH4 emission in the mangrove-rice system. The ratios of methanotrophs: methanogens and sulphur reducing bacteria (SRB): methanogens are important indicators to net methane emission. Those are higher in mangrove mean the methane oxidation was dominant over methane production resulting less CH4 emission from mangrove than rice. Similarly, continuous application of nitrogen fertilizer and more nitrifiers and denitrifiers community in rice, resulting in more N2O emission as compared to degraded mangrove. Hence, the soil properties and the microbial community make mangrove a green production system as compared to the rice ecology in Sundarban, India. However, recent threats of climate change related issues like sea level rise, soil erosion and coastal bank degradation also make this mangrove-rice system vulnerable. So, soil conservation, mangrove restoration and regeneration and coastal bank protection of this system are the need of the hour.
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Acknowledgements
Authors acknowledge the support of ICAR-National Fellow Project (Agri. Edn. /27/08/NF/2017-HRD; EAP-248) and NRSC, Hyderabad for providing support to conduct the research works. Authors are grateful to Dr. A. K. Nayak, Head, CPD, and Dr D Maiti, Director of ICAR-NRRI, for their support and guidance. Authors are acknowledged the help and support provided Mr. Anil Mistri, Mr. Chitta Ranjan Roy, Mr Saroj Kumar Rout (Anal) for their support and help.
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Bhattacharyya, P., Padhy, S.R., Dash, P.K., Pathak, H. (2022). Carbon Dynamics and Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Coastal Agriculture: Mangrove-Rice Ecology in Sundarban, India. In: Lama, T., Burman, D., Mandal, U.K., Sarangi, S.K., Sen, H. (eds) Transforming Coastal Zone for Sustainable Food and Income Security. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95618-9_50
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