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Super-Spreading in Infectious Diseases: A Global Challenge for All Disciplines

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Multidisciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity in Health

Part of the book series: Integrated Science ((IS,volume 6))

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Summary

From the Plague of Athens, the earliest pandemic recorded in history, to COVID-19, infectious disease outbreaks have relentlessly impacted societies, cultures, and economies. For a long time, it has been assumed that the spread of pathogens in a population is homogeneous, with each infected host having approximately equal probabilities of encountering and infecting susceptible secondary contacts. More recently, it was shown that many outbreaks are shaped by heterogeneities, which may occur in the spatial or temporal dimensions and can arise through various mechanisms. These heterogeneities exist at the level of individuals, groups of individuals, and species, and were described in the interaction of human, animal, and cellular populations with bacteria, viruses, parasites, or vectors. Extreme cases of these transmission heterogeneities are known as super-spreading events. Transmission heterogeneities and super-spreading are governed by factors that depend on the host, the pathogen, and the environment. While super-spreading events were documented for many outbreaks studied to date, they are usually identified retrospectively. This makes it challenging to incorporate them into the management of ongoing epidemics or pandemics. Previous studies point toward co-infection, immune suppression, pathogen virulence, airflow dynamics, and high numbers of social contacts as some of the factors involved in super-spreading. A better understanding of super-spreading, from epidemiology to the cellular processes and the mechanistic details, promises to support the development of a framework to identify transmission heterogeneities early during outbreaks, incorporate them into epidemic and pandemic preparedness plans, and reshape the future of public health.

“We live in evolutionary competition with microbes—bacteria and viruses. There is no guarantee that we will be the survivors”. Joshua Lederberg.

Super-spreading in infectious diseases

[Adapted from the Association of Science and Art (ASA), USERN; Made by Nastaran Hosseini].

The code of this chapter is 01101110 01101110 01101001 01101111 01100101 01110010 01110100 01000101 01110110 01101110 01101101.

“We live in evolutionary competition with microbes—bacteria and viruses. There is no guarantee that we will be the survivors.”

Joshua Lederberg

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Acknowledgements

I thank Timothy J. Cardozo, M.D., Ph.D., NYU Langone Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York City, NY, USA, and Oana Ometa, Ph.D., Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, for valuable comments and conversations during the preparation of this manuscript.

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    Richard A. Stein

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Stein, R.A. (2022). Super-Spreading in Infectious Diseases: A Global Challenge for All Disciplines. In: Rezaei, N. (eds) Multidisciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity in Health. Integrated Science, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96814-4_16

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