Skip to main content

Abstract

Terrorism includes deliberate use of threat and violence by individuals or sub-national groups to achieve political goals. Terrorism affected developing countries far more than developed economies especially South Asian and African economies. This study is proposed to investigate the impact of terrorism on economic development. In addition to empirical literature, study analyses longitudinal panel data from the Global Terrorism Database for the economic development of 22 South Asian, South East Asian and South West Asian economies from 1990 to 2020. Proposed study estimated fixed effect panel estimation suggested that terrorism have negative and statistically significant influence on factors of economic development. This is the pioneer research to use the Global Terrorism Database to investigate the impact of terrorism on the economies of the South East and South West Asia as combined panel. The empirical findings have suggested significant implications for future research and practices, particularly in African countries. The findings of the study may encourage policymakers to devise effective counter-terrorism strategies while also strengthening regional ties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Akhmat, G., Zaman, K., et al.: Exploring the root causes of terrorism in South Asia: everybody should be concerned. Qual. Quant. 48(6), 3065–3079 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Azam, J.P., Thelen, V.: The roles of foreign aid and education in the war on terror. Public Choice 135(3), 375–397 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. World Bank: World bank development indicators database (wd) (2021). https://data.world-bank.org

  4. Bardwell, H., Iqbal, M.: The economic impact of terrorism from 2000 to 2018. Peace Econ. Peace Sci. Public Policy 27(2), 227–261 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Blomberg, S.B., Hess, G.D., Orphanides, A.: The macroeconomic consequences of terrorism. J. Monet. Econ. 51(5), 1007–1032 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Blomberg, S.B., Hess, G.D., Weerapana, A.: Economic conditions and terrorism. Eur. J. Polit. Econ. 20(2), 463–478 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bloomberg, S.B., de Hess, G., Weerapana, A.: Terrorism from within: an economic model of terrorism. In: DIW Workshop the Economic Consequences of Global Terrorism, Berlin (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bravo, A.B.S., Dias, C.M.M.: An empirical analysis of terrorism: deprivation, islamism and geopolitical factors. Def. Peace Econ. 17(4), 329–341 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Brockhoff, S., Krieger, T., Meierrieks, D.: Great expectations and hard times: the (nontrivial) impact of education on domestic terrorism. J. Confl. Resolut. 59(7), 1186–1215 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Campos, N.F., Gassebner, M.: International terrorism, domestic political instability, and the escalation effect. Econ. Polit. 25(1), 27–47 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Derin-Güre, P., Elveren, A.Y.: Does income inequality derive the separatist terrorism in Turkey? Def. Peace Econ. 25(3), 311–327 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Elbakidze, L., Jin, Y.: Are economic development and education improvement associated with participation in transnational terrorism? Risk Anal. 35(8), 1520–1535 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Enders, W., Sandler, T.: Is transnational terrorism becoming more threatening? A time-series investigation. J. Confl. Resolut. 44(3), 307–332 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Enders, W., Sandler, T.: Patterns of transnational terrorism, 1970–1999: alternative time-series estimates. Int. Stud. Q. 46(2), 145–165 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Enders, W., Sandler, T.: The Political Economy of Terrorism. Cambridge University Press (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Enders, W., Hoover, G.A., Sandler, T.: The changing nonlinear relationship between income and terrorism. J. Confl. Resolut. 60(2), 195–225 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Fearon, J.D., Laitin, D.D.: Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 97(1), 75–90 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Gaibulloev, K., Piazza, J.A., Sandler, T.: Regime types and terrorism. Int. Organ. 71(3), 491–522 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Gries, T., Krieger, T., Meierrieks, D.: Causal linkages between domestic terrorism and economic growth. Def. Peace Econ. 22(5), 493–508 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Gupta, S., Clements, B., et al.: Fiscal consequences of armed conflict and terrorism in low-and middle-income countries. Eur. J. Polit. Econ. 20(2), 403–421 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Hausken, K.: A cost-benefit analysis of terrorist attacks. Def. Peace Econ. 29(2), 111–129 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Hyder, S., Akram, N., Padda, I.U.H.: Impact of terrorism on economic development in Pakistan. Pak. Bus. Rev. 839(1), 704–722 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ismail, A., Amjad, S.: Determinants of terrorism in Pakistan: an empirical investigation. Econ. Model. 37, 320–331 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Khusrav, G., Todd, S., Donggyu, S.: Common drivers of transnational terrorism: principal component analysis. Econ. Inq. 51(1), 707–721 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Koh, W.T.: Terrorism and its impact on economic growth and technological innovation. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 74(2), 129–138 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Korotayev, A., Vaskin, I., Tsirel, S.: Economic growth, education, and terrorism: a re-analysis. Terror. Polit. Violence 33(3), 572–595 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Krieger, T., Meierrieks, D.: Terrorism in the worlds of welfare capitalism. J. Confl. Resolut. 54(6), 902–939 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Krieger, T., Meierrieks, D.: What causes terrorism? Public Choice 147(1), 3–27 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Krieger, T., Meierrieks, D.: Income inequality, redistribution and domestic terrorism. World Dev. 116, 125–136 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Lee, A.: Who becomes a terrorist?: poverty, education, and the origins of political violence. World Polit. 63(2), 203–245 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Malik, Z., Zaman, K.: Macroeconomic consequences of terrorism in Pakistan. J. Policy Model. 35(6), 1103–1123 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. McCoy, S.J., McDonough, I.K., Roychowdhury, P.: The impact of terrorism on social capital: evidence from the 2015 Charlie Hebdo Paris shooting. Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat. 82(3), 526–548 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Meierrieks, D., Gries, T.: Causality between terrorism and economic growth. J. Peace Res. 50(1), 91–104 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Öcal, N., Yildirim, J.: Regional effects of terrorism on economic growth in Turkey: a geographically weighted regression approach. J. Peace Res. 47(4), 477–489 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Omede, J., Omede, A.A.: Terrorism and insecurity in Nigeria: moral, values and religious education as panaceas. J. Educ. Pract. 6(11), 120–126 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Østby, G., Urdal, H., Dupuy, K.: Does education lead to pacification? A systematic review of statistical studies on education and political violence. Rev. Educ. Res. 89(1), 46–92 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Patra, S.: Economic consequences of terrorism in South Asia. In: The Impact of Global Terrorism on Economic and Political Development. Emerald Publishing Limited (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Piazza, J.A.: Rooted in poverty?: terrorism, poor economic development, and social cleavages. Terror. Polit. Violence 18(1), 159–177 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Piazza, J.A.: Poverty, minority economic discrimination, and domestic terrorism. J. Peace Res. 48(3), 339–353 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Saha, S., Yap, G.: The moderation effects of political instability and terrorism on tourism development: a cross-country panel analysis. J. Travel Res. 53(4), 509–521 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Saleem, Q., Sidra, S., et al.: Impact of terrorism on economic growth in South Asian country. Int. J. Econ. Financ. Issues 10(4), 185 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Sandler, T., Arce, D.G., Enders, W.: Transnational terrorism. In: Global Crises Global Solution, vol. 2, pp. 516–562 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Shahbaz, M., Shabbir, M.S., et al.: An analysis of a causal relationship between economic growth and terrorism in Pakistan. Econ. Model. 35, 21–29 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Spagat, M., et al.: Estimating the human costs of war: the sample survey approach. In: The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Peace and Conflict, pp 318–341 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Stein, B.D., Elliott, M.N., et al.: A national longitudinal study of the psychological consequences of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks: reactions, impairment, and help-seeking. Psychiatry Interpers. Biol. Process. 67(2), 105–117 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. SAP Terminal: South Asia portal terminal database (SAPT) (2019). https://www.sapt.com.pk

  47. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism: Global terrorism database (GTD) (2019). https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/

  48. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism: Global terrorism database (GTD) (2021). https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/

  49. Thomas, P.: Youth, terrorism and education: Britain’s prevent programme. Int. J. Lifelong Educ. 35(2), 171–187 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Thyne, C.L.: Abc’s, 123’s, and the golden rule: the pacifying effect of education on civil war, 1980–1999. Int. Stud. Q. 50(4), 733–754 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Zakaria, M., Jun, W., Ahmed, H.: Effect of terrorism on economic growth in Pakistan: an empirical analysis. Econ. Res. Ekonomska istraživanja 32(1), 1794–1812 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zubair Nawaz .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Bashir, S., Zafar, M.W., Talib, M.N.A., Nawaz, Z., Fatima, M. (2022). Impact of Terrorism on Economic Development of South Asian Economies. In: Xu, J., Altiparmak, F., Hassan, M.H.A., García Márquez, F.P., Hajiyev, A. (eds) Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management – Volume 2. ICMSEM 2022. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, vol 145. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10385-8_38

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics