Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tenskwatawa, The Holy Man of the Pan-Indian Resistance, 1804–1810

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Racism, Xenophobia, and Populism

  • 586 Accesses

Abstract

Most have heard of the Shawnee leader, Tecumseh (“Sky Panther,” 1768–1815) and his pan-Indian alliance against U.S. expansionism in the early nineteenth century, but it is historians of the era, alone, who are versed in the activities of his younger brother, Tenskwatawa (“Open Door [of Spirit],” 1775–1836) born a triplet (R. David Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983) 29). (Three is the traditional pay-attention number (Mann, Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath: The Twinned Cosmos of Indigenous America, 2016). Aggressive Euro-settler expansionism was grabbing up the Old Northwest at a frenetic pace in their day, particularly under the shady dealings of Indiana Territorial Governor, William Henry Harrison, who was acting in accordance with then-President Thomas Jefferson’s secret (“unofficial and private”) instructions of 1808 to seize Indian territory by fraud and deception Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Albert Ellery Bergh., 20 vols. in 10 (Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association of the United States, 1903−1907) Jefferson to Harrison, vol. 7, letter of February 27, 1808, 168−71; also in Logan Esarey, ed., Governors Messages and Letters: Messages and Letters of William Henry Harrison, 2 vols., (Indianapolis: Indiana State Historical Commission, 1922) vol. 1: 69–73; and Clarence Edwin Carter, The Territorial Papers of the United States, 28 vols. (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1934−1975) vol. 7, 88−92).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    For a thorough rundown of the fraud and resistance, see Barbara Alice Mann, President by Massacre: Indian-Killing for Political Gain (Santa Barbra, CA: Praeger, an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, 2019) 30−69.

  2. 2.

    Mann, Spirits of Breath, Spirits of Blood, 111–12; to glimpse the process in action, see Barbara Alice Mann, Iroquoian Women: The Gantowisas (New York: Lang Publishing, 2000) 301–12.

  3. 3.

    John Patterson MacLean, “Shaker Mission to the Shawnee Indians” in Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications, vol. 9 (Columbus: Fred J. Heer, 1903) 215; John Heckewelder, History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States, The First American Frontier Series, (1820; 1876, reprint; New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1976) 187–88.

  4. 4.

    Charles Christopher Trowbridge, Shawnese Traditions, ed. Vernon Kinietz and Erminie W. Vogelin (1824–1825; Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1939) 70, for Tenskwatawa (“the Prophet”) as his source, ix; for deliberately misleading ethnologists for fun, see Heckewelder, History, 321–22; Mann, Iroquoian Women, 29; for backward medicine, Mann, Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath, 103, 121, 220–21.

  5. 5.

    David Jones, A Journal of Two Visits Made to Some Nations of Indians on the West Side of the River Ohio in 1772 and 1773 (Burlington, VT: Isaac Collins, 1774) 59.

  6. 6.

    Jones, Journal of Two Visits, 45. This was transliterated as “god,” of course.

  7. 7.

    Barbara Alice Mann, “‘I Hope You Will Not Destroy What I Have Saved’: Hopocan before the British Tribunal in Detroit, 1781,” in Barbara Alice Mann, ed., Native American Speakers of the Eastern Woodlands (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001) 154−55; for terminology of “messengers of peace,” Heckewelder, History, Manners, and Customs, 181, 182, and note 1, 136; for “moccasin”.

  8. 8.

    John Heckewelder, Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Delaware and Mohegan Indians from Its Commencement, in the Year 1740, to the Close of the Year 1808 (1818, reprint; New York: Arno Press, 1971) 61−62. A full example of this method appears as Chap. 4 of Barbara Alice Mann, The Tainted Gift: The Disease Method of Frontier Expansion (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2009) 83−111. For an excellent analysis of European law justifying entry and land seizure, see Steven T. Newcomb, Pagans in the Promised Land: Decoding the Doctrine of Christian Discovery (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2008).

  9. 9.

    Thomas Foster, ed., The Collected Works of Benjamin Hawkins, 1796-1810 (Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 2003) 102.

  10. 10.

    Adam Jortner, Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012) 4.

  11. 11.

    All renderings as in the original, Carter, Territorial Papers, vol. 7, Letter of 20 April, 1808, Wells to the Dearborn, entry of April 22, 1808, 558–59.

  12. 12.

    Symbols and brackets in the original, Carter, Territorial Papers, vol. 7, Letter of February 27, 1803, Jefferson to Harrison, 88−90.

  13. 13.

    “The Papers and History of Panton, Leslie and Company, and John Forbes,” Florida Historical Quarterly, vol. 12, no. 3 (January, 1934): 132, 134 (full spread, 123–35); John Forbes and J. A. Wilkinson, “The Panton-Leslie Papers: Letters of and to John Forbes,” Florida Historical Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 4 (April, 1935): 236−40.

  14. 14.

    Foster, Collected Works of Benjamin Hawkins, 408-410; Florette Henri, The Southern Indians and Benjamin Hawkins, 1796-1816 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986) 235; Carl Mauelshagen and Gerald H. Davis, ed. and trans., Partners in the Lord’s Work: The Diary of Two Moravian Missionaries in the Creek Indian Country, 1807-1813, Research Paper No. 21 (Atlanta: Georgia State College, 1969) 44 and note 26, 44.

  15. 15.

    Henri, The Southern Indians and Benjamin Hawkins, 273−74.

  16. 16.

    “An Act Providing for the Sale of the Lands of the United States, in the Territory North-west of the Ohio, and above the Mouth of Kentucky River,” in The Public Statutes at Large for the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1799 to March 3, 1845, et seq., ed. Richard Peters, vol. 2 (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845) $2/acre, see Sec. 5, 74.

  17. 17.

    Carter, Territorial Papers, vol. 7, Harrison to Jefferson, Letter of August 29, 1805, 302.

  18. 18.

    All spellings as in the original; Carter, The Territorial Papers of the United States, vol. 7, Letter of 20 April, 1808, Wells to the Dearborn, entry of April 22, 1808, 558–59.

  19. 19.

    Jortner, Gods of Prophetstown, 91–92.

  20. 20.

    The Code published by Parker gives the timing as “early in the moon, in the year 1800,” Arthur Caswell Parker, The Code of Handsome Lake, the Seneca Prophet, New York State Museum Bulletin 163, Education Department Bulletin, no. 530 (1913): 20, but a careful review of the evidence pinpoints it as 1799, as traced by Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York: Vintage Books, 1972) 10 and note 79, 358; see, also, Barbara Alice Mann, “Handsome Lake,” in Bruce Elliott Johansen and Barbara Alice Mann, eds., Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois League) (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000) 145−51.

  21. 21.

    Henry Lawrence Gipson, The Moravian Indian Mission on the White River: Diaries and Letters 5 May 1799 to 2 November 1806, translated from the Original German Manuscript by Harry E. Stocker, Herman T. Freuauff, and Samuel C. Zeller (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1938) entry of February 13, 1805, 333.

  22. 22.

    Gipson, Moravian Indian Mission, 333–34, 337, 339–40, 531; for Beata as once-baptised, 402.

  23. 23.

    Jortner, Gods of Prophetstown, 91–92.

  24. 24.

    Letter, May 21, 1805, Aupaumut to Dearborn, National Archives, Records of the Office of the Secretary of War, Record Group 107, Shawnee series, Great Lakes-Ohio Valley Ethnohistory Collection, Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University, Bloomington.

  25. 25.

    Edmunds, “Tecumseh,” 265; Alfred Cave, “The Shawnee Prophet, Tecumseh, and Tippecanoe: A Case Study of Historical Myth-Making,” Journal of the Early Republic, vol. 22, no. 4. (Winter 2002): 641 (full spread, 637–73).

  26. 26.

    Robert M. Owens, Mr. Jefferson’s Hammer: William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007) 269 note 67; see, also, Gunlög Fur, A Nation of Women: Gender and Colonial Encounters among the Delaware Nations (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009) 208–10.

  27. 27.

    Gipson, Moravian Indian Mission, 402, 451, 620; for a solid discussion of Beata, see Gunlög Fur, A Nation of Women: Gender and Colonial Encounters among the Delaware Nations (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009) 151–53.

  28. 28.

    Bergh, Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vols. 13–14, April 20, 1812, Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 142.

  29. 29.

    For a complete discussion of the Blood and Breath interface, see Mann, Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath.

  30. 30.

    Anthony F. C. Wallace, “Revitalization Movements,” American Anthropologist, vol. 58, no. 2 (April, 1956): 264–81.

  31. 31.

    Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet, 28.

  32. 32.

    John Patterson MacLean, “Shaker Mission to the Shawnee Indians,” in Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications, vol. 9 (Columbus: Fred J. Heer, 1903), 223 (full spread, 215–29).

  33. 33.

    Thomas Forsyth, December 23, 1812, Thomas Forsyth to William Clark. I, in Emma Helen Blair, ed. and compiler, Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and the Region of the Great Lakes, vol. 2 (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1912) 274; for April, 1805, R. David Edmunds, “Tecumseh, The Shawnee Prophet, and American History: A Reassessment,” Western Historical Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 3 (July, 1983): 265.

  34. 34.

    MacLean, “Shaker Mission to the Shawnee Indians,” 223.

  35. 35.

    For the Great Horned Serpent, see Mann, Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath, 64−77.

  36. 36.

    Parker, The Code of Handsome Lake, 16–19; John Napoleon Brinton Hewitt, “Iroquoian Cosmology, Second Part,” Forty-third Annual Teport of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1925–1926 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1928) 523–25.

  37. 37.

    MacLean, “Shaker Mission to the Shawnee Indians,” 223; for Nawahtahthu as a convert, see Joseph Badger, A Memoir of Rev. Joseph Badger, Containing an Autobiography and Selections from His Private Journal and Correspondence (Hudson, OH: Sawyer, Ingersoll and Co., 1851) entry of July 7, 1805, 102.

  38. 38.

    Harry Emilius Stocker, A History of the Moravian Mission among the Indians on the White River in Indiana (Bethlehem, PA: Times Publishing Company, 1917) 106.

  39. 39.

    Jaob Spencer, “Shawnee Folk-Lore,” Journal of American Folk-Lore, vol. 22 (1909): 324.

  40. 40.

    Rueben Gold Thwaites, ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 73 vols. (Cleveland: Burroughs Brothers Publishers, 1899) vol. 12, 27. For Horned Serpent traditions in context, see Mann, Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath, 64–77.

  41. 41.

    Trowbridge, Shawnese Traditions, 42.

  42. 42.

    Trowbridge, Shawanese Traditions, 45–46.

  43. 43.

    William Henry Holmes, Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities: Part 1, Introductory, the Lithic Industries, Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 60 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1919) 242.

  44. 44.

    Alice P. Wright, Garden Creek: The Archaeology of Interaction in Middle Woodland Appalachia (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2020) 35, 45–46.

  45. 45.

    Bernd C. Peyer, ed., “Biography: Hendrick Aupaumut,” in American Indian Non-Fiction, 1760s−1930s (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2009) 63−74. For one of his reports back to the U.S., see Hendrick Aupaumut, “A Narrative of an Embassy to the Western Indians, from the Original Manuscript of Hendrick Aupaumut, 1791 and 1793,” in Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2.1 (1827): 9–131; see, also, Hendrick Aupaumut, National Archives, Records of the Office of the Secretary of War, Record Group 107, Shawnee series, Great Lakes-Ohio Valley Ethnohistory Collection, Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University, Bloomington, May 21, 1805, Aupaumut to Dearborn.

  46. 46.

    See, for instance, Christian Indians “professing ignorance of the ‘pagan practices’ of their unprogressive brothers,” as remarked in Parker, Code of Handsome Lake, 113; Christian faction threatening to burn the houses of the non-Christian Indians, 6. For various reformulations of tradition to match Christianity, see Mann, Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath, 27–28.

  47. 47.

    Barbara Alice Mann, President by Massacre: Indian-Killing for Political Gain (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, and Imprint of ABC-CLIO, 2019) for the astronomy of Tenskwatawa’s “spirituality,” 177–78; for Tenskwatawa’s pragmatic, five-point plan for foiling invasion, 35–37, 65, 82, 224–25; for attacking Harrison at Tippecanoe.

  48. 48.

    Alfred Cave also noticed the mismatch of actions and Western assertions. See Alfred A. Cave, Prophets of the Great Spirit: Native American Revitalization Movements in Eastern North America (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006) 82; for Catahecassa as rival, Edmunds, Shawnee Prophet, 57; for sixteen, Alfred A. Cave, “The Failure of the Shawnee Prophet's Witch-Hunt,” Ethnohistory, Summer, 1995, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Summer, 1995): 463; full, 445−75.

  49. 49.

    Edmunds, Shawnee Prophet, 157.

  50. 50.

    Nicholas Spitzer, “Cajuns and Creoles: The French Gulf Coast,” Southern Comfort, vol. 4, no. 2, Part II, “The Long Journey Home” (Summer/Fall 1978): 143.

  51. 51.

    See for instance, the traditionalist approach to Arthur Parker, Barbara Alice Mann, “Euro-Forming the Data,” in Bruce E. Johansen, ed., Debating Democracy: The Native American Legacy of Freedom (Clear Light Publishers, 1998) 178; full spread, 160–90.

  52. 52.

    MacLean, “Shaker Mission,” 224.

  53. 53.

    Mann, Iroquoian Women, 287.

  54. 54.

    MacLean, “Shaker Mission,” 224.

  55. 55.

    Sarah E. Baires, Land of Water, City of the Dead: Religion and Cahokia's Emergence (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2017) 141.

  56. 56.

    Edmunds, Shawnee Prophet, 36.

  57. 57.

    Thomas Forsyth, An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Sauk and Fox Nations of Indian Tradition. 1827. in The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and Region of the Great Lakes, ed. and trans. Emma Helen Blair, vol. 2 (Cleveland, OH: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1912) December 23, 1812, to Clark, 274–77.

  58. 58.

    For appearance, Gary Regan and Mardee Haidin Regan, “Down the River on Flatboats,” in The Book of Bourbon and Other Fine American Whiskeys (1995, reprint; Quedgeley, England, UK: Mixellany Limited, 2009), Distilled Spirits Council's American Whiskey Trail, accessed October 20, 2021; https://americanwhiskeytrail.distilledspirits.org/american-whiskey-history#.

  59. 59.

    In Iroquoian dialects, liquor is deganigonhadé:nyons, which directly translates as “Mind Changer.” See Jacob Thomas, with Terry Boyle, Teachings from the Longhouse (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co., Ltd., 1994) 30.

  60. 60.

    Mann, Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath, 108.

  61. 61.

    Forsyth, in Blair, Indian Tribes, December 23, 1812, to Clark, 277, and note 102, 277.

  62. 62.

    Edmunds, Shawnee Prophet, 37.

  63. 63.

    George Bird Grinnell, The Cheyenne Indians: War, Ceremonies, and Religion, 2 vols. (New York: New Haven Press, 1924) vol, 2, 379–81.

  64. 64.

    MacLean, “Shaker Mission,” 222.

  65. 65.

    Wallace, Death and Rebirth, 195; Mann, Iroquoian Women, 340.

  66. 66.

    Esarey, Governors Messages, vol. 1, June 14, 1810, William Henry Harrison to William Eustis, 426.

  67. 67.

    Edmunds, Shawnee Prophet, 37; as “prisoners,” speech of Sadekanatie (Onondaga), in Daniel Richter, Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1992) 184.

  68. 68.

    John Heckewelder, Narrative of the Mission, 102–103.

  69. 69.

    Esarey, Governors Messages, vol. 2, Zachary Taylor to Harrison, Report of September 10, 1812, 127, 128.

  70. 70.

    Mann, President by Massacre, 173−74; Edmunds, Shawnee Prophet, 37.

  71. 71.

    Ella E. Clark, Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest (1953, reprint; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997) 204–205.

  72. 72.

    Patrick M. Mendoza, Ann Strange Owl-Raben, and Nico Strange Owl, Four Great Rivers to Cross: Cheyenne History, Culture, and Traditions (Englewood, C: Teacher Ideas Press, 1998) 15.

  73. 73.

    Edmunds, Shawnee Prophet, 37.

  74. 74.

    MacLean, “Shaker Mission,” 225.

  75. 75.

    MacLean, “Shaker Mission,” 224–25.

  76. 76.

    Forsyth, in Blair, Indian Tribes, December 23, 1812, to Clark, 277, and note 102, 277.

  77. 77.

    For examples of loud sharing, see Thwaites, Jesuit Relations, crying for spirits, vol. 9, 113; dreams told loudly (“in an astounding voice”), vol. 33, 195.

  78. 78.

    Mann, Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath, 112–15; on Woodland dreaming, see, for instance, Thwaites, Jesuit Relations, vol. 10, 169–73; vol. 23, 171–73; vol. 54, 87–89.

  79. 79.

    Mann, Iroquoian Women, 352–53.

  80. 80.

    Mann, George Washington’s War on Native America (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005) 172–73; for a primary account, Heckewelder, History, Manners, and Customs, 284–88.

  81. 81.

    Vine Deloria, Jr., Red Earth, White Lies: Native Americans and the Myth of Scientific Fact (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 1997) 39; Alice C. Fletcher and Washington Matthews, “Ethics and Morals,” in Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico, Frederick Webb, ed., Smithsonian Institution., Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 30, 2 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1912) vol. 1, 441.

  82. 82.

    Carter, Territorial Papers, vol. 7, Letter of 20 April, 1808, Wells to the Dearborn, entry of April 22, 1808, 558.

  83. 83.

    Gipson, The Moravian Indian Mission, 623.

  84. 84.

    Mann, Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath, 47, 55; Mann, Iroquoian Women, 318–19.

  85. 85.

    Forsyth, in Blair, Indian Tribes, December 23, 1812, to Clark, 278.

  86. 86.

    Mann, President by Massacre, 47 49, 68; Edmunds, Shawnee Prophet, 85.

  87. 87.

    Esarey, Messages, vol. 1, Tecumseh’s Speech to Governor Harrison, August 20, 1810, 467.

  88. 88.

    Barbara Alice Mann, The Tainted Gift: The Disease Method of Frontier Expansion (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2009), esp. 10–18, 26–27, 31–37, 49, 71–80, 108–111.

  89. 89.

    See, for instance, Cathy N. Davidson, Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America (New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2004).

  90. 90.

    Cave, Prophets, 89.

  91. 91.

    Forsyth, in Blair, Indian Tribes, December 23, 1812, to Clark, 278.

  92. 92.

    Jay Miller, “The 1806 Purge among the Indiana Delaware: Sorcery, Gender, Boundaries, and Legitimacy,” Ethnohistory, vol. 41, no. 2 (Spring, 1994): 260–61.

  93. 93.

    See, for instance, Andrew L. Toth, Missionary Practices and Spanish Steel: The Evolution of Apostolic Mission in the Context of new Spain Conquests (Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, Inc., 2012) 176–77; Barbara Alice Mann and Donald A. Grinde, Jr., “‘Now the Friar is Dead’: Sixteenth-century Spanish Florida and the Guale Revolt,” in Native American Speakers of the Eastern Woodlands: Selected Speeches and Critical Analyses (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001) 12–13; Mann, Tainted Gift, 99–102, 111.

  94. 94.

    For disease precipitating “witch hunts,” see, for example, Gipson, Moravian Indian Mission, 361. Disease was spread both accidentally and deliberately. For accidental spread, see my discussion in Mann, Iroquoian Women, 296–97.

  95. 95.

    MacLean, “Shaker Mission,” 228.

  96. 96.

    For Saganyadaiyoh, see Mann, Iroquoian Women, 321–24.

  97. 97.

    Gipson, The Moravian Indian Mission, 194–95. The text uses the slur-term “Mingo,” but the Iroquois of Ohio were primarily Seneca. For the derivation and antique usage of “Mingo,” see Mann, Iroquoian Women, 17–19.

  98. 98.

    Miller, “The 1806 Purge,” 249.

  99. 99.

    James Kenny, “Journal of James Kenny, 1761–1763,” Part I, ed. John W. Jordan, The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 37, no. 1 (1913) 34–35; Mann, Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath, 149.

  100. 100.

    Badger, A Memoir of Rev. Joseph Badger, 97.

  101. 101.

    Edmunds, Shawnee Prophet, 85.

  102. 102.

    Badger, Memoir of Joseph Badger, 145; Barbara Alice Mann, “The Greenville Treaty: Pen-and-Ink Witchcraft in the Struggle for the Old Northwest,” in Bruce Elliott Johansen, ed., Enduring Legacies: Native American Treaties and Contemporary Controversies (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004) 184–88.

  103. 103.

    Gipson, Moravian Indian Mission, 361–62.

  104. 104.

    Gipson, Moravian Indian Mission, 382–83.

  105. 105.

    Ann Durkin Keating, Rising up from Indian Country: The Battle of Fort Dearborn and the Birth of Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012) 78; R. David Edmunds, “Main Poc: Potawatomi Wabeno,” American Indian Quarterly, vol. 9, no. 3 (Summer, 1985): 260.

  106. 106.

    Mann, “The Greenville Treaty,” as model, 197; full discussion, 135–201.

  107. 107.

    Miller, “The 1806 Purge,” Kaltas, 254; Tatapaxit, 258; Nanhun, 256.

  108. 108.

    Miller, “The 1806 Purge,” 246; for the murder of the Lenape and Mahican, Mann, George Washington’s War, 156−65.

  109. 109.

    Mann, Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath, 126.

  110. 110.

    Miller, “The 1806 Purge,” 254–55.

  111. 111.

    Miller, “The 1806 Purge,” 245.

  112. 112.

    Mann, Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath, 96–103.

  113. 113.

    Miller, “The 1806 Purge,” 258–60.

  114. 114.

    For Goschochking, Mann, George Washington’s War, 156–65.

  115. 115.

    Gipson, Moravian Indian Mission, 411–18; Miller, “1806 Purge,” 256–58.

  116. 116.

    Gipson, Moravian Indian Mission, Joshua, 620–21; Tatapaxsit, 622.

  117. 117.

    Esarey, Messages, vol. 1, Delaware Indians to William Wells, March 30, 1805, 117 and second note 1, 117.

  118. 118.

    Esarey, Messages, vol. 1, July 10, 1805, Harrison to Henry Dearborn, 149.

  119. 119.

    Gipson, Moravian Indian Mission, 328–29.

  120. 120.

    Jacob Piatt Dunn, True Indian Stories, with a Glossary of Indiana Indian Names (Indianapolis: Sentinel, 1909) 67.

  121. 121.

    Dunn, True Indian Stories, 67; Gipson, History of the Moravian Mission, 420.

  122. 122.

    Miller, “1806 Purge,” 260–61; Dunn, True Indian Stories, 68.

  123. 123.

    Gipson, History of the Moravian Mission, 420; Charles Joseph Kappler, Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties, 2 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904) vol. 2, 81.

  124. 124.

    Gipson, History of the Moravian Mission, 420–21.

  125. 125.

    Mann, Iroquoian Women, 252–53, 448–49 note 20.

  126. 126.

    Esarey, Messages, vol. 1, April, 1806, Speech of William Henry Harrison to Lenape, 183. Although Esarey simply dated the message to “Early in 1806,” 182, Edmunds dates the speech to April, 1806, Edmunds, Shawnee Prophet, 48.

  127. 127.

    Gipson, Indian River Mission, May 27, 1806, 431.

  128. 128.

    James Mooney, “Tenskwawata,” in Hodge, Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico, vol. 2, 730; for Piasa, Mann, Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath, 74.

  129. 129.

    Mooney, “Tenskwawata,” Handbook, vol. 2, 730.

  130. 130.

    Esarey, Messages, vol. 1, Speech of William Henry Harrison to Lenape, 183.

  131. 131.

    The Serpent Mound, High Bank, and the Newark Earthworks, all in Ohio, are sophisticated astronomical observatories, Ray Hively and Robert Horn, “Geometry and Astronomy in Prehistoric Ohio,” Archaeoastronomy vol. 4 (1982): 1–20; Ray Hively and Robert Horn, “Hopewellian Geometry and Astonomy at High Bank,” Archaeoastronomy, vol. 7 (1984): 85–100; Clark Hardman, Jr., and Marjorie H. Hardman, “The Great Serpent and the Sun,” Ohio Archaeologist, vol. 37, no. 3 (1987): 34–40; Robert Fletcher and Terry Cameron, “Serpent Mound: A New Look at an Old Snake-in-the-Grass,” Ohio Archaeologist, vol. 38, no. 1 (1988): 55–61; for the 1142 eclipse, see Barbara Alice Mann and Jerry L. Fields, “A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 21.2 (August, 1997): 145–49.

  132. 132.

    Edmunds, Shawnee Prophet, 48–49; Fred Espenak, “Solar Eclipses of Historical Interest,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration, July, 2008, accessed 2 August 2018, https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhistory/SEhistory.html; Fred Espenak, “Major Solar Eclipses Visible from Chicago IL, 0001 CE to 3000 CE,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 11 March 2003, Accessed 2 August 2018, https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcirc/SEcircNA/ChicagoIL2.html.

  133. 133.

    Edmunds, Shawnee Prophet 46, 48–49; Cave, Prophets, 109; Robert R. McCoy and Steven M. Fountain, History of American Indians: Exploring Diverse Roots (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, 2017) 53.

  134. 134.

    Forsyth, in Blair, Indian Tribes, December 23, 1812, to Clark, 278.

  135. 135.

    Female chiefs, Charles Christopher Trowbridge, Mee\( \overline{ar} \)meear Traditions, ed. Vernon Kinietz (1825; Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1938) 14.

  136. 136.

    For Esther Montour, Mann, George Washington’s War, 17−18, 21, 210 note 375; daughter of Matatas, Makataimeshekiakiak (“Black Hawk”), Life of Black Hawk: Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak, ed. Milo Milton Quaife (Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1916) 123–24; minutes recording presence of the women, Ellen M. Whitney, ed., The Black Hawk War, 1831–1832, vols. 1 & 2. Parts I & II (Springfield, IL: Illinois State Historical Library, 1973–1975) vol. 2, part 1, June 7, 1831, “Memorandum of Talks between Edmund P. Gaines and the Sauk,” 30.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jesup Scott Honors College, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA

    Barbara Alice Mann

Authors
  1. Barbara Alice Mann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Barbara Alice Mann .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. IR Research Globe Cross-Cultural Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Adebowale Akande

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mann, B.A. (2022). Tenskwatawa, The Holy Man of the Pan-Indian Resistance, 1804–1810. In: Akande, A. (eds) Handbook of Racism, Xenophobia, and Populism. Springer Handbooks of Political Science and International Relations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13559-0_29

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation