Abstract
This introductory chapter provides the scientific context for this thesis. It presents an overview of the evolution of massive stars, including a discussion of the main persisting uncertainties in stellar evolution, and a discussion of the study of massive stars as part of stellar populations. It also provides a description of the profound effects a binary companion can have on the evolution of a massive star, and describes observational constraints and theoretical predictions for populations of massive binary stars. A review of the observational characteristics of the products of binary interactions is further given. In this context, classical Be stars are introduced. Finally, the motivation for this thesis and the open questions that will be addressed are presented.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
B.P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T.D. Abbott et al., Phys. Rev. X 9, 031040 (2019)
M. Abdul-Masih, in prep (2021)
H.A. Abt, ApJ 230, 485 (1979)
H.A. Abt, S.G. Levy, ApJS 36, 241 (1978)
C. Aerts, J. Christensen-Dalsgaard, D.W. Kurtz, Asteroseismology (2010)
C. Aerts, S. Mathis, T.M. Rogers, ARA &A 57, 35 (2019)
A. Ahmed, T.A.A. Sigut, MNRAS 471, 3398 (2017)
E.J. Aldoretta, S.M. Caballero-Nieves, D.R. Gies, et al., AJ 149, 26 (2015)
E. Alecian, C. Neiner, G.A. Wade, et al., in IAU Symposium, Volume 307, New Windows on Massive Stars, ed. by G. Meynet, C. Georgy, J. Groh, P. Stee (2015), pp. 330–335
L.A. Almeida, H. Sana, W. Taylor et al., A &A 598, A84 (2017)
W. Aoki, N. Tominaga, T.C. Beers, S. Honda, Y.S. Lee, Science 345, 912 (2014)
D. Baade, in IAU Symposium, Volume 132, The Impact of Very High S/N Spectroscopy on Stellar Physics, ed. by G. Cayrel de Strobel, M. Spite (1988), p. 217
G. Banyard, H. Sana, L. Mahy et al., A &A 658, A69 (2022)
N. Bastian, I. Cabrera-Ziri, F. Niederhofer et al., MNRAS 465, 4795 (2017)
N. Bastian, S.E. de Mink, MNRAS 398, L11 (2009)
N. Bastian, C. Lardo, ARA &A 56, 83 (2018)
E.R. Beasor, B. Davies, N. Smith, N. Bastian, MNRAS 486, 266 (2019)
K. Belczynski, D.E. Holz, T. Bulik, R. O’Shaughnessy, Nature 534, 512 (2016)
K. Belczynski, V. Kalogera, T. Bulik, ApJ 572, 407 (2002)
D.H. Berger, D.R. Gies, ApJ 555, 364 (2001)
R. Björklund, J.O. Sundqvist, J. Puls, F. Najarro, New predictions for radiation-driven, steady-state mass-loss and wind-momentum from hot, massive stars. II. A grid of O-type stars in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds 648, A36 (2021), arXiv:2008.06066
A. Blaauw, Bull. Astron. Inst. Netherlands 15, 265 (1961)
A. Blaauw, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Volume 35, Massive Stars: Their Lives in the Interstellar Medium, ed. by J.P. Cassinelli, E.B. Churchwell (1993), p. 207
P. Bodenheimer, ARA &A 33, 199 (1995)
J. Bodensteiner, D. Baade, J. Greiner, N. Langer, A &A 618, A110 (2018)
E.F. Borra, J.D. Landstreet, L. Mestel, ARA &A 20, 191 (1982)
D. Boubert, N.W. Evans, MNRAS 477, 5261 (2018)
D.M. Bowman, S. Burssens, M.G. Pedersen et al., Nat. Astron. 3, 760 (2019)
F. Bresolin, P.A. Crowther, J. Puls, in IAU Symposium, Volume 250, Massive Stars as Cosmic Engines (2008)
A.G. Bressan, C. Chiosi, G. Bertelli, A &A 102, 25 (1981)
N. Britavskiy, D.J. Lennon, L.R. Patrick et al., A &A 624, A128 (2019)
V. Bromm, N. Yoshida, L. Hernquist, C.F. McKee, Nature 459, 49 (2009)
I. Brott, C.J. Evans, I. Hunter et al., A &A 530, A116 (2011)
S.M. Caballero-Nieves, D.R. Gies, E.K. Baines et al., AJ 160, 115 (2020)
E. Cannon, M. Montargès, A. de Koter et al., MNRAS 502, 369 (2021)
A.C. Carciofi, A.T. Okazaki, J.B. Le Bouquin et al., A &A 504, 915 (2009)
J. Casares, I. Negueruela, M. Ribó et al., Nature 505, 378 (2014)
J.I. Castor, D.C. Abbott, R.I. Klein, ApJ 195, 157 (1975)
C. Chiosi, A. Maeder, ARA &A 24, 329 (1986)
S.D. Chojnowski, J. Labadie-Bartz, T. Rivinius et al., ApJ 865, 76 (2018)
G.W. Collins, in IAU Colloq. 92: Physics of Be Stars, ed. by A. Slettebak, T.P. Snow (1987), p. 3
P.S. Conti, Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liege 9, 193 (1975)
G. Cordoni, A.P. Milone, A.F. Marino et al., ApJ 869, 139 (2018)
J. Crampin, F. Hoyle, MNRAS 120, 33 (1960)
S.R. Cranmer, ApJ 634, 585 (2005)
J.A. Crawford, ApJ 121, 71 (1955)
F. D’Antona, M. Di Criscienzo, T. Decressin et al., MNRAS 453, 2637 (2015)
F. D’Antona, A.P. Milone, M. Tailo et al., Nat. Astron. 1, 0186 (2017)
E. De Beck, L. Decin, A. de Koter et al., A &A 523, A18 (2010)
S.E. de Mink, N. Langer, R.G. Izzard, H. Sana, A. de Koter, ApJ 764, 166 (2013)
S.E. de Mink, H. Sana, N. Langer, R.G. Izzard, F.R.N. Schneider, ApJ 782, 7 (2014)
M.E. de Rossi, P.B. Tissera, S.E. Pedrosa, A &A 519, A89 (2010)
R.C. Dohm-Palmer, E.D. Skillman, AJ 123, 1433 (2002)
A. Domiciano de Souza, P. Kervella, S. Jankov et al., A &A 407, L47 (2003)
J.F. Donati, I.D. Howarth, M.M. Jardine et al., MNRAS 370, 629 (2006)
J.F. Donati, J.D. Landstreet, ARA &A 47, 333 (2009)
G. Duchêne, A. Kraus, ARA &A 51, 269 (2013)
P.L. Dufton, N. Langer, P.R. Dunstall et al., A &A 550, A109 (2013)
P.R. Dunstall, P.L. Dufton, H. Sana et al., A &A 580, A93 (2015)
P. Eggenberger, G. Meynet, A. Maeder, A &A 386, 576 (2002)
Z. Eker, F. Soydugan, E. Soydugan et al., AJ 149, 131 (2015)
S. Ekström, C. Georgy, P. Eggenberger et al., A &A 537, A146 (2012)
S. Ekström, G. Meynet, C. Georgy et al., in Stars and their Variability Observed from Space, ed. by C. Neiner, W.W. Weiss, D. Baade, R.E. Griffin, C.C. Lovekin, A.F.J. Moffat (2020), pp. 223–228
S. Ekström, G. Meynet, A. Maeder, F. Barblan, A &A 478, 467 (2008)
J.J. Eldridge, N. Langer, C.A. Tout, MNRAS 414, 3501 (2011)
J.J. Eldridge, E.R. Stanway, MNRAS 400, 1019 (2009)
A.S. Endal, S. Sofia, ApJ 210, 184 (1976)
J. Fabregat, J. Torrejón, A &A 357, 451 (2000)
R. Farmer, M. Renzo, S.E. de Mink, P. Marchant, S. Justham, ApJ 887, 53 (2019)
L. Ferrario, J.E. Pringle, C.A. Tout, D.T. Wickramasinghe, MNRAS 400, L71 (2009)
F.R. Ferraro, B. Paltrinieri, F. Fusi Pecci et al., A &A 324, 915 (1997)
L. Fossati, F.R.N. Schneider, N. Castro et al., A &A 592, A84 (2016)
A. Frost, H. Sana, L. Mahy, in prep (2021)
C.L. Fryer, P.J. Brown, F. Bufano et al., ApJ 707, 193 (2009)
C. Georgy, G. Meynet, R. Walder, D. Folini, A. Maeder, A &A 502, 611 (2009)
D.R. Gies, W.G.J. Bagnuolo, E.C. Ferrara et al., ApJ 493, 440 (1998)
D.R. Gies, C.T. Bolton, ApJS 61, 419 (1986)
G. Giuricin, F. Mardirossian, M. Mezzetti, ApJS 52, 35 (1983)
E. Glebbeek, E. Gaburov, S. Portegies Zwart, O.R. Pols, MNRAS 434, 3497 (2013)
Y. Götberg, S.E. de Mink, J.H. Groh, A &A 608, A11 (2017)
P. Goudfrooij, L. Girardi, V. Kozhurina-Platais et al., ApJ 797, 35 (2014)
A. Granada, S. Ekström, C. Georgy et al., A &A 553, A25 (2013)
L. Grassitelli, N. Langer, J. Mackey et al., A &A 647, A99 (2021)
E.K. Grebel, T. Richter, K.S. de Boer, A &A 254, L5 (1992)
F. Haberl, R. Sturm, A &A 586, A81 (2016)
R.W. Hanuschik, J.R. Kozok, D. Kaiser, A &A 189, 147 (1988)
B. Hastings, C. Wang, N. Langer, A &A 633, A165 (2020)
A. Heger, C.L. Fryer, S.E. Woosley, N. Langer, D.H. Hartmann, ApJ 591, 288 (2003)
R.W. Hilditch, An Introduction to Close Binary Stars (2001)
J. Hjorth, J. Sollerman, P. Møller et al., Nature 423, 847 (2003)
R. Hoogerwerf, J.H.J. de Bruijne, P.T. de Zeeuw, A &A 365, 49 (2001)
E.P. Horch, G.T. van Belle, J.W. Davidson et al., AJ 159, 233 (2020)
K. Horne, T.R. Marsh, MNRAS 218, 761 (1986)
W. Huang, D.R. Gies, M.V. McSwain, ApJ 722, 605 (2010)
R.M. Humphreys, K. Davidson, PASP 106, 1025 (1994)
R.M. Humphreys, A. Sandage, ApJS 44, 319 (1980)
R.M. Humphreys, K. Weis, K. Davidson, M.S. Gordon, ApJ 825, 64 (2016)
I. Hunter, I. Brott, D.J. Lennon et al., ApJ 676, L29 (2008)
I. Hunter, D.J. Lennon, P.L. Dufton et al., A &A 479, 541 (2008)
P. Hut, A &A 99, 126 (1981)
N. Ivanova, S. Justham, X. Chen et al., A &A Rev. 21, 59 (2013)
L. Jamet, E. Pérez, M. Cerviño et al., A &A 426, 399 (2004)
H.-T. Janka, MNRAS 434, 1355 (2013)
H.-T. Janka, ApJ 837, 84 (2017)
M. Jaschek, A. Slettebak, C. Jaschek, Be Star Newsl. 4, 9 (1981)
C. Johnston, C. Aerts, M.G. Pedersen, N. Bastian, A &A 632, A74 (2019)
S. Justham, P. Podsiadlowski, J.S. Vink, ApJ 796, 121 (2014)
S. Kamann, N. Bastian, S. Gossage et al., MNRAS 492, 2177 (2020)
N.D. Kee, J.O. Sundqvist, L. Decin, A. de Koter, H. Sana, A &A 646, A180 (2021)
S.C. Keller, P.R. Wood, M.S. Bessell, A &AS 134, 489 (1999)
R. Kippenhahn, A. Weigert, ZAp 65, 251 (1967)
R. Klement, A.C. Carciofi, T. Rivinius et al., ApJ 885, 147 (2019)
H.A. Kobulnicky, W.T. Chick, D.P. Schurhammer et al., ApJS 227, 18 (2016)
H.A. Kobulnicky, D.C. Kiminki, M.J. Lundquist et al., ApJS 213, 34 (2014)
H.A. Kobulnicky, M.J. Lundquist, A. Bhattacharjee, C.R. Kerton, AJ 143, 71 (2012)
S. Kriz, P. Harmanec, Bull. Astron. Inst. Czechoslov. 26, 65 (1975)
P. Kroupa, MNRAS 322, 231 (2001)
R.P. Kudritzki, A. Pauldrach, J. Puls, A &A 173, 293 (1987)
R.-P. Kudritzki, J. Puls, ARA &A 38, 613 (2000)
G.P. Kuiper, ApJ 88, 472 (1938)
N. Lahén, T. Naab, P.H. Johansson et al., ApJ 891, 2 (2020)
H.J.G.L.M. Lamers, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Volume 470, 370 Years of Astronomy in Utrecht, ed. by G. Pugliese, A. de Koter, M. Wijburg (2013), p. 97
H.J.G.L.M. Lamers, F.-J. Zickgraf, D. de Winter, L. Houziaux, J. Zorec, A &A 340, 117 (1998)
N. Langer, ARA &A 50, 107 (2012)
N. Langer, A. Heger, in Boulder-Munich II: Properties of Hot Luminous Stars, ed. by I.D. Howarth, vol. 131 (1998), p. 76
N. Langer, A. Maeder, A &A 295, 685 (1995)
N. Langer, C. Schürmann, K. Stoll et al., A &A 638, A39 (2020)
E. Laplace, Y. Götberg, S.E. de Mink, S. Justham, R. Farmer, A &A 637, A6 (2020)
U. Lee, Y. Osaki, H. Saio, MNRAS 250, 432 (1991)
C. Leitherer, K. Chavarria, A &A 175, 208 (1987)
C. Li, R. de Grijs, L. Deng, A.P. Milone, ApJ 844, 119 (2017)
C. Li, W. Sun, R. de Grijs et al., ApJ 876, 65 (2019)
J. Mackey, M. White, M. Kamionkowski, MNRAS 332, 788 (2002)
A. Maeder, A &A 47, 389 (1976)
A. Maeder, A &A 178, 159 (1987)
A. Maeder, P.S. Conti, ARA &A 32, 227 (1994)
A. Maeder, E.K. Grebel, J.-C. Mermilliod, A &A 346, 459 (1999)
A. Maeder, G. Meynet, A &A 361, 159 (2000)
A. Maeder, G. Meynet, ARA &A 38, 143 (2000)
A. Maeder, G. Meynet, A &A 373, 555 (2001)
A. Maeder, G. Meynet, A &A 422, 225 (2004)
L. Mahy, D. Hutsemékers, Y. Nazé et al., A &A 599, A61 (2017)
C. Martayan, D. Baade, J. Fabregat, A &A 509, A11 (2010)
C. Martayan, Y. Frémat, A.M. Hubert et al., A &A 452, 273 (2006)
C. Martayan, Y. Frémat, A.M. Hubert et al., A &A 462, 683 (2007)
B.D. Mason, W.I. Hartkopf, D.R. Gies, T.J. Henry, J.W. Helsel, AJ 137, 3358 (2009)
P. Massey, ARA &A 41, 15 (2003)
M.V. McSwain, D.R. Gies, ApJS 161, 118 (2005)
A. Meilland, P. Stee, M. Vannier et al., A &A 464, 59 (2007)
J.-C. Mermilliod, A &A 109, 48 (1982)
G. Meynet, P. Eggenberger, A. Maeder, A &A 525, L11 (2011)
G. Meynet, C. Georgy, R. Hirschi et al., Bull. Soc. R. Sci. Liege 80, 266 (2011)
G. Meynet, A. Maeder, A &A 361, 101 (2000)
A.P. Milone, L.R. Bedin, G. Piotto, J. Anderson, A &A 497, 755 (2009)
A.P. Milone, A.F. Marino, M. Di Criscienzo et al., MNRAS 477, 2640 (2018)
M. Moe, R. Di Stefano, ApJ 778, 95 (2013)
M. Moe, R. Di Stefano, ApJS 230, 15 (2017)
T. Morel, N. Castro, L. Fossati et al., in New Windows on Massive Stars, ed. by G. Meynet, C. Georgy, J. Groh, P. Stee, vol. 307 (2015), pp. 342–347
I. Negueruela, I.A. Steele, G. Bernabeu, Astron. Nachrichten 325, 749 (2004)
C.A. Nelson, P.P. Eggleton, ApJ 552, 664 (2001)
M.-F. Nieva, N. Przybilla, A &A 566, A7 (2014)
Y. Osaki, PASP 98, 30 (1986)
R.D. Oudmaijer, A.M. Parr, MNRAS 405, 2439 (2010)
S.P. Owocki, in Stellar Rotation, ed. by A. Maeder, P. Eenens, vol. 215 (2004), p. 515
W. Packet, A &A 102, 17 (1981)
B. Paczyński, ACTA 17, 355 (1967)
D. Panoglou, A.C. Carciofi, R.G. Vieira et al., MNRAS 461, 2616 (2016)
A. Pasquali, A. Nota, N. Langer, R.E. Schulte-Ladbeck, M. Clampin, AJ 119, 1352 (2000)
A. Pauldrach, J. Puls, R.P. Kudritzki, A &A 164, 86 (1986)
B. Paxton, L. Bildsten, A. Dotter et al., ApJS 192, 3 (2011)
B. Paxton, M. Cantiello, P. Arras et al., ApJS 208, 4 (2013)
B. Paxton, P. Marchant, J. Schwab et al., ApJS 220, 15 (2015)
B. Paxton, J. Schwab, E.B. Bauer et al., ApJS 234, 34 (2018)
B. Paxton, R. Smolec, J. Schwab et al., ApJS 243, 10 (2019)
M.G. Pedersen, C. Aerts, P.I. Pápics et al., Nat. Astron. 5, 715 (2021)
C.S. Peri, P. Benaglia, D.P. Brookes, I.R. Stevens, N.L. Isequilla, A &A 538, A108 (2012)
G.J. Peters, D.R. Gies, E.D. Grundstrom, M.V. McSwain, ApJ 686, 1280 (2008)
G.J. Peters, T.D. Pewett, D.R. Gies, Y.N. Touhami, E.D. Grundstrom, ApJ 765, 2 (2013)
G.J. Peters, L. Wang, D.R. Gies, E.D. Grundstrom, ApJ 828, 47 (2016)
V. Petit, S.P. Owocki, G.A. Wade et al., MNRAS 429, 398 (2013)
J. Petrovic, N. Langer, K.A. van der Hucht, A &A 435, 1013 (2005)
P. Podsiadlowski, P.C. Joss, J.J.L. Hsu, ApJ 391, 246 (1992)
A.J.T. Poelarends, F. Herwig, N. Langer, A. Heger, ApJ 675, 614 (2008)
O.R. Pols, A &A 290, 119 (1994)
O.R. Pols, J. Cote, L.B.F.M. Waters, J. Heise, A &A 241, 419 (1991)
J.M. Porter, T. Rivinius, PASP 115, 1153 (2003)
D. Prialnik, An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution (2009)
J. Puls, J.S. Vink, F. Najarro, A &A Rev. 16, 209 (2008)
A. Quirrenbach, K.S. Bjorkman, J.E. Bjorkman et al., ApJ 479, 477 (1997)
D. Raboud, A &A 315, 384 (1996)
A. Rainot, M. Reggiani, H. Sana et al., A &A 640, A15 (2020)
O.H. Ramírez-Agudelo, H. Sana, S.E. de Mink et al., A &A 580, A92 (2015)
O.H. Ramírez-Agudelo, S. Simón-Díaz, H. Sana et al., A &A 560, A29 (2013)
M.C. Ramírez-Tannus, F. Backs, A. de Koter et al., A &A 645, L10 (2021)
G. Raskin, H. Van Winckel, H. Hensberge et al., A &A 526, A69 (2011)
P. Reig, Ap &SS 332, 1 (2011)
M. Renzo, E. Zapartas, S.E. de Mink et al., A &A 624, A66 (2019)
M.T. Richards, ApJS 86, 255 (1993)
M.T. Richards, G.E. Albright, ApJS 123, 537 (1999)
T. Rivinius, D. Baade, P. Hadrava, M. Heida, R. Klement, A &A 637, L3 (2020)
T. Rivinius, A.C. Carciofi, C. Martayan, A &A Rev. 21, 69 (2013)
T. Rivinius, R. Klement, S.D Chojnowski et al., arXiv e-prints (2022), arXiv:2208.12315
B.E. Robertson, R.S. Ellis, J.S. Dunlop, R.J. McLure, D.P. Stark, Nature 468, 49 (2010)
T.M. Rogers, D.N.C. Lin, J.N. McElwaine, H.H.B. Lau, ApJ 772, 21 (2013)
A.L. Rosen, S.S.R. Offner, S.I. Sadavoy et al., Space Sci. Rev. 216, 62 (2020)
E.E. Salpeter, ApJ 121, 161 (1955)
H. Sana, in The Lives and Death-Throes of Massive Stars, ed. J.J. Eldridge, J.C. Bray, L.A.S. McClelland, L. Xiao, vol. 329 (2017), pp. 110–117
H. Sana, A. de Koter, S.E. de Mink et al., A &A 550, A107 (2013)
H. Sana, S.E. de Mink, A. de Koter et al., Science 337, 444 (2012)
H. Sana, J.B. Le Bouquin, S. Lacour et al., ApJS 215, 15 (2014)
H. Sana, G. Rauw, Y. Nazé, E. Gosset, J.M. Vreux, MNRAS 372, 661 (2006)
A.R. Sandage, AJ 58, 61 (1953)
F.R.N. Schneider, R.G. Izzard, N. Langer, S.E. de Mink, ApJ 805, 20 (2015)
F.R.N. Schneider, N. Langer, A. de Koter et al., A &A 570, A66 (2014)
F.R.N. Schneider, S.T. Ohlmann, P. Podsiadlowski et al., MNRAS 495, 2796 (2020)
F.R.N. Schneider, S.T. Ohlmann, P. Podsiadlowski et al., Nature 574, 211 (2019)
F.R.N. Schneider, O.H. Ramírez-Agudelo, F. Tramper et al., A &A 618, A73 (2018)
A. Schootemeijer, Y. Götberg, S.E. de Mink, D. Gies, E. Zapartas, A &A 615, A30 (2018)
C. Schürmann, N. Langer, in prep (2021)
A. Secchi, Astron. Nachrichten 68, 63 (1866)
T. Semaan, A.M. Hubert, J. Zorec et al., A &A 613, A70 (2018)
Y. Shao, X.-D. Li, ApJ 796, 37 (2014)
M.M. Shara, R.A. Saffer, M. Livio, ApJ 489, L59 (1997)
T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, M. Abdul-Masih et al., A &A 639, L6 (2020)
A. Shokry, T. Rivinius, A. Mehner et al., A &A 609, A108 (2018)
T.A.A. Sigut, A.K. Mahjour, C. Tycner, ApJ 894, 18 (2020)
A. Sills, T. Adams, M.B. Davies, M.R. Bate, MNRAS 332, 49 (2002)
A. Sills, C.D. Bailyn, P.D. Edmonds, R.L. Gilliland, ApJ 535, 298 (2000)
S. Simón-Díaz, A. Herrero, A &A 562, A135 (2014)
S. Simón-Díaz, A. Herrero, C. Esteban, F. Najarro, A &A 448, 351 (2006)
A. Slettebak, ApJS 59, 769 (1985)
S.J. Smartt, ARA &A 47, 63 (2009)
N. Smith, MNRAS 489, 4378 (2019)
N. Smith, Y. Götberg, S.E. de Mink, MNRAS 475, 772 (2018)
N. Smith, R. Tombleson, MNRAS 447, 598 (2015)
H.F. Song, G. Meynet, A. Maeder et al., A &A 609, A3 (2018)
H.C. Spruit, A &A 381, 923 (2002)
O. Struve, ApJ 73, 94 (1931)
T. Sukhbold, T. Ertl, S.E. Woosley, J.M. Brown, H.T. Janka, ApJ 821, 38 (2016)
J.O. Sundqvist, A. ud-Doula, S.P. Owocki et al., MNRAS 423, L21 (2012)
R.E. Taam, E.L. Sandquist, ARA &A 38, 113 (2000)
N.R. Tanvir, A.J. Levan, A.S. Fruchter et al., Nature 500, 547 (2013)
A.E. Tarasov, Astrophysics 60, 273 (2017)
S. Toonen, S. Portegies Zwart, A.S. Hamers, D. Bandopadhyay, A &A 640, A16 (2020)
R.H.D. Townsend, S.P. Owocki, I.D. Howarth, MNRAS 350, 189 (2004)
A. Ud-Doula, S.P. Owocki, R.H.D. Townsend, MNRAS 392, 1022 (2009)
D. Vanbeveren, C. De Loore, A &A 290, 129 (1994)
D. Vanbeveren, N. Mennekens, in The B[e] Phenomenon: Forty Years of Studies, ed. by A. Miroshnichenko, S. Zharikov, D. Korčáková, M. Wolf (Astronomical Society of the Pacific) (2017), p. 121
F. Verbunt, ARA &A 31, 93 (1993)
J.S. Vink, A. de Koter, H.J.G.L.M. Lamers, A &A 369, 574 (2001)
H. von Zeipel, MNRAS 84, 665 (1924)
S. Štefl, D. Baade, T. Rivinius et al., A &A 402, 253 (2003)
G.A. Wade, C. Neiner, E. Alecian et al., MNRAS 456, 2 (2016)
C. Wang, N. Langer, A. Schootemeijer et al., ApJ 888, L12 (2020)
L. Wang, D.R. Gies, G.J. Peters, ApJ 843, 60 (2017)
L. Wang, D.R. Gies, G.J. Peters, ApJ 853, 156 (2018)
L. Wang, D.R. Gies, G.J. Peters et al., AJ 161, 248 (2021)
L.B.F.M. Waters, J. Cote, T.R. Geballe, A &A 203, 348 (1988)
L.B.F.M. Waters, C. Waelkens, ARA &A 36, 233 (1998)
S. Wellstein, N. Langer, H. Braun, A &A 369, 939 (2001)
D.T. Wickramasinghe, C.A. Tout, L. Ferrario, MNRAS 437, 675 (2014)
J.P. Wisniewski, Z.H. Draper, K.S. Bjorkman et al., ApJ 709, 1306 (2010)
R.V. Yudin, A &A 368, 912 (2001)
J.P. Zahn, A &A 500, 121 (1977)
H. Zinnecker, H.W. Yorke, ARA &A 45, 481 (2007)
J. Zorec, D. Briot, A &A 318, 443 (1997)
J. Zorec, Y. Frémat, A. Domiciano de Souza et al., A &A 595, A132 (2016)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bodensteiner, J. (2022). Scientific Context. In: Observational Imprints of Binary Evolution on B- and Be-star Populations. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19489-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19489-4_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-19488-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-19489-4
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)