Abstract
Because integration relies on reciprocity, cooperation must be the basis for any integrative approach. Having proven to be evolutionarily stable, cooperative structures promise greater collective gains than rivalries do, they lead to more robust and durable relationships, and they better promote long-term adaptation. In short, cooperative strategies for Space exploration and habitation will better insure the success of extraterrestrial settlements than competition-based strategies that currently define the status quo.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
A few such examples include: Ayn Rand’s ethical egoism, the American bipartisan system of democracy, capitalism and the free market, and the eugenics movement.
- 2.
In addition to which Neo-Darwinism revealed through genetic theory the similarities between all living things.
- 3.
Darwin rightfully feared that his first volume, in contradicting the creationist beliefs of the Church, would be perceived as heretical and that there would be a significant backlash against his writings; thus he chose not to include humans in the earlier formulations of his theory.
- 4.
Darwin was a resolute abolitionist, and his political agenda in his scientific endeavors stemmed from his abhorrence of slavery.
- 5.
Patriarchal attitudes are prevalent throughout Darwin’s reasoning, and are a marked contrast to subsequent developments in evolutionary theory which reflect a more feminized view of survival, novelty, and robustness.
- 6.
- 7.
Darwin observed cooperative behaviors both between and within species that could not be adequately explained by his theory of natural selection.
- 8.
Margulis claims that popular interpretation of ‘survival of the fittest’ is a misunderstanding of the theory; fittest does not necessarily refer to the physically strongest, but simply those most likely to reproduce—which therefore makes it a tautological statement (1998).
- 9.
Lovelock developed this position when asked by NASA to determine if there were signs of possible life on Mars; because he observed no volatility in its atmospheric gases, he concluded that the planet, being in a state of equilibrium, offered no evidence for the existence of life there.
- 10.
Though the scientific community has an expressed aversion to the teleological undertones of such a position, our planet has endured many cataclysmic events in which all existing life on its surface was nearly wiped out, and yet new types of organisms emerged to populate the Earth once again.
- 11.
This scalar expansion of kinship is what Lanier refers to in his ‘circle of empathy’ which inscribes the domain of those we consider deserving of ethical treatment. The greater the sense of identification we feel towards something, the more we feel empathy for it (Lanier 2010).
- 12.
Lecture at the University of Hawaii School of Architecture by William Kramer on biological precedents and the applicability for architectural design (2007).
References
Axelrod, R. (1987). The evolution of cooperation. Orlando, FL: Harcourt-Brace Jovanovich Publishers.
Benyus, J. M. (2002). Biomimicry: Innovation inspired by nature. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
Capra, F. (1996). The web of life: A new scientific understanding of living systems. New York, NY: Anchor Books.
Chaisson, E. J. (2001). Cosmic evolution: The rise of complexity in nature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Darwin, C. (2004). The descent of man. London, England: Penguin Classic Books.
Dator, J. (2012). Social foundations of human space exploration. New York, NY: Springer.
Dawkins, R. (2006). The selfish gene: 30th anniversary edition. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Devall, B., & Sessions, G. (1985). Deep ecology: Living as if nature matters. Salt Lake City, UT: Gibbs Smith.
Gallagher, W. (2001). The power of place. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gardner, J. N. (2003). Biocosm: The new scientific theory of evolution. Maui, HI: Inner Ocean Publishing.
Goodall, J. (2005). The will to evolve. In M. Smith (Ed.), Stelarc: The monograph (pp. 1–31). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kelly, K. (1994). Out of control: The new biology of machines, social systems, and the economic world. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Kropotkin, P. (2006). Mutual aid: A factor of evolution. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
Lanier, J. (2010). You are not a gadget. New York, NY: Random House.
Lovelock, J. (2000). Gaia: A new look at life on earth. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Margulis, L. (1998). Symbiotic planet: A new look at evolution. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Margulis, L., & Sagan, D. (1997a). Slanted truths: Essays on Gaia, symbiosis and evolution. New York, NY: Springer.
Margulis, L., & Sagan, D. (1997b). Microcosmos: Four billion years of microbial evolution (1st ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Maruyama, M. (1963). The second cybernetics: Deviation-amplifying mutual causal processes. American Scientist, 51(2), 164–179.
Maruyama, M. (1978a). Symbiotization of cultural heterogeneity: Scientific, epistemological, and aesthetic bases. In M. Maruyama & A. Harkins (Eds.), Cultures of the future. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.
Maruyama, M. (1978b). Toward human futuristics. In M. Maruyama & A. M. Harkins (Eds.), Cultures of the future (pp. 33–59). The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton.
Robinson, J. (1998). Comunidad Los Horcones: Radical behaviorism in Mexico. Compendio de ArtÃculos publicados por la Comunidad Los Horcones, 143–153.
Steiner, D. F. R. (2002). Human ecology: Following nature’s lead. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Sullivan, B. A., Snyder, M., Sullivan, J., & Chapp, C. (2008). The political psychology of cooperation: Synthesis and prospects. In B. Sullivan, M. Snyder, & J. Sullivan (Eds.), Cooperation: The political psychology of effective human interaction (pp. 343–358). Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell.
Taylor, M. (1976). Anarchy and cooperation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Taylor, M. (1982). Community, anarchy and liberty. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Thieman, W., & Palladino, M. (2007). Introduction to biotechnology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Incorporated.
Ward, P. (2001). Future evolution (1st ed.). New York, NY: Henry Holt & Co.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lockard, E.S. (2014). The Case for an Integrative Approach. In: Human Migration to Space. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05930-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05930-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-05929-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-05930-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)