Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Adjustment Processes in Bridge Employment: Where We Are and Where We Need To Go

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Aging Workers and the Employee-Employer Relationship

Abstract

While a relatively large literature outlines adjustment processes for retirees in general, very little empirical and theoretical attention has focused on the psychological adjustment process for bridge employees. That is to say, few studies have attempted to understand the psychological mechanisms that predict adjustment to bridge employment, and there is scant theory to direct such efforts. The present chapter outlines and defines adjustment for bridge employees from life-course, life-span developmental, and self-regulation perspectives. The role of both intrapersonal and external resources and demands on the bridge employment adjustment process are discussed. A model of adjustment to bridge employment is offered that incorporates the idea of contextual resources-demands fit, and suggests a process by which the application of intrapersonal resources is enhanced via an agentic self-efficacy cycle. Finally, future directions for research and are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, G. A., Prescher, J., Beehr, T. A., & Lepisto, L. (2002). Applying work-role attachment theory to retirement decision-making. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 54, 125–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, T. D., & Shockley, K. (2012). Older workers and work–family issues. In J. W. Hedge & W. C. Borman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of work and aging (pp. 520–537). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armor, D. A., & Taylor, S. E. (1998). Situated optimism: Specific outcome expectancies and self-regulation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 309–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong‐Stassen, M., & Ursel, N. D. (2009). Perceived organizational support, career satisfaction, and the retention of older workers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(1), 201–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atchley, R. C. (1976). The sociology of retirement. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atchley, R. C. (1989). A continuity theory of normal aging. The Gerontologist, 29, 183–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22(3), 187–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, B. B., Briggs, T. E., Huff, J. W., Wright, J. A., & Neuman, G. A. (1999). Flexible and compressed workweek schedules: A meta-analysis of their effects on work-related criteria. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4), 496–513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, B. B., & Rudolph, C. W. (2012). The theory of selection, optimization, and compensation. In M. Wang (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of retirement (pp. 88–101). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23(5), 611–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B. (1997). On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny: Selection, optimization, and compensation as foundation of developmental theory. American Psychologist, 52(4), 366–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In P. B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences (pp. 1–34). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1996). Failures in self-regulation: Energy depletion or selective disengagement? Psychological Inquiry, 7(1), 20–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (1996). Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological Inquiry, 7(1), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beehr, T. A., Glazer, S., Nielson, N. L., & Farmer, S. J. (2000). Work and nonwork predictors of employees’ retirement ages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 57(2), 206–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 15(7), 482–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandtstädter, J. (1998). Action perspectives on human development. In W. Damon (Editor-in-Chief) & R. M. Lerner (Vol. Ed.), Hand- book of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human de- velopment (5th ed., pp. 807–866). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandtstädter, J. (1992). Personal control over development: Implications of self-efficacy. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-efficacy: Thought control of action (pp. 127–145). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bye, D., & Pushkar, D. (2009). How need for cognition and perceived control are differentially linked to emotional outcomes in the transition to retirement. Motivation and Emotion, 33(3), 320–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, K. E., Giandrea, M. D., & Quinn, J. F. (2006). Retirement patterns from career employment. The Gerontologist, 46(4), 514–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, K. E., Giandrea, M. D., & Quinn, J. F. (2013). Bridge employment. In M. Wang (Ed.), Oxford handbook of retirement (pp. 293–310). New York: Oxford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carstensen, L. L. (2006). The influence of a sense of time on human development. Science, 312, 1913–1915.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. E. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: A control-theory approach to human behavior. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles, S. T. (2010). Strength and vulnerability integration: A model of emotional well-being across adulthood. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 1068–1091.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, C. (2009). Debt of the elderly and near elderly, 1992–2007. EBRI Notes, 30(10). October. Washington, DC: Employee Benefit Research Institute (pp. 2–14). http://www.ebri.org/pdf/notespdf/EBRI_Notes_10-Oct09.DebtEldly.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2013.

  • De Lange, A. H., Van Yperen, N. W., Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M., & Bal, P. M. (2010). Dominant achievement goals of older workers and their relationship with motivation-related outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(1), 118–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dendinger, V. M., Adams, G. A., & Jacobson, J. D. (2005). Reasons for working and their relationship to retirement attitudes, job satisfaction and occupational self-efficacy of bridge employees. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 61(1), 21–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorfman, L. T., & Kolarik, D. C. (2005). Leisure and the retired professor: Occupation matters. Educational Gerontology, 31(5), 343–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draut, T., & McGhee, H. C. (2004). Retiring in the red: The growth of debt among older Americans. Briefing Paper. New York. Demos. http://archive.demos.org/pubs/retiring_2ed.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2013.

  • EFILCW. (2012). Employment trends and policies for older workers in the recession. European Foundating for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (EFILCW) White Paper. Accessed from: http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2012/35/en/1/EF1235EN.pdf

  • Elder, G. H., & Johnson, M. K. (2003). The life course and aging: Challenges, lessons, and new directions. In R. A. Settersen (Ed.), Invitation to the life course: Toward new understandings of later life (pp. 49–81). New York: Baywood Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elder, G. H., Johnson, M. K., & Crosnoe, R. (2003). The emergence and development of life course theory. In J. T. Mortimer & M. J. Shanahan (Eds.), Handbook of the life course (pp. 3–19). New York: Kulwer Acadmic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernet, C., Guay, F., & Senécal, C. (2004). Adjusting to job demands: The role of work self-determination and job control in predicting burnout. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 39–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. D. (1985). Social support and adjustment to work: A longitudinal study. Journal of Management, 11(3), 39–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, A. B., Haug, M. R., Stange, K. C., Gaines, A. D., Noelker, L. S., & Jones, P. K. (2000). Sustained personal autonomy a measure of successful aging. Journal of Aging and Health, 12(4), 470–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2000). The orchestration of selection, optimization and compensation: An action-theoretical conceptualization of a theory of developmental regulation. In Control of human behavior, mental processes, and consciousness: Essays in honor of the 60th birthday of August Flammer (pp. 35–58). Mahwah, NJ: LEA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1998). Selection, optimization, and compensation as strategies of life management: Correlations with subjective indicators of successful aging. Psychology and Aging, 13(4), 531–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giandrea, M. D., Cahill, K. E., & Quinn, J. F. (2009). Bridge jobs: A comparison across cohorts. Research on Aging, 31(5), 549–576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giandrea, M. D., Cahill, K. E., & Quinn, J. F. (2008). Self employment as a step in the retirement process (Issue Brief 15). Center on Aging & Work/Workplace Flexibility at Boston College. Accessed from: http://vhost4.bc.edu/content/dam/files/research_sites/agingandwork/pdf/publications/IB15_SelfEmployment_Retire.pdf

  • Gollwitzer, P. M., & Bargh, J. A. (Eds.). (1996). The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halbesleben, J. R. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources, and consequences. Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research, 102–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen, J. (1997). Developmental regulation across adulthood: Primary and secondary control of age-related. Developmental Psychology, 33, 176–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen, J. (1999). Developmental regulation in adulthood: Age-normative and sociostructural constraints as adaptive challenges. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102, 284–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen, J., & Tomasik, M. J. (2002). Get an apprenticeship before school is out: How German adolescents adjust vocational aspirations when getting close to a developmental deadline. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60(2), 199–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Fleeson, W. (2001). Developmental regulation before and after a developmental deadline: The sample case of “biological clock” for childbearing. Psychology and Aging, 16, 400–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Schulz, R. (2010). A motivational theory of life-span development. Psychological Review, 117, 32–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedge, J. W., Borman, W. C., & Lammlein, S. E. (2006). The aging workforce. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heidrich, S. M., & Ryff, C. D. (1993). The role of social comparisons processes in the psychological adaptation of elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology, 48(3), 127–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280–1300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology – An International Review, 50(3), 337–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E., & Shirom, A. (2001). Conservation of resources theory: Applications to stress and management in the workplace. In R. T. Golembiewski (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior (2nd ed., pp. 57–80). New York: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornung, S., Rousseau, D. M., & Glaser, J. (2008). Creating flexible work arrangements through idiosyncratic deals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 655–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilmarinen, J., & Tuomi, K. (2004). Past, present and future of work ability. In J. Ilmarinen & S. Lehtinen (Eds.), Past, present and future of work ability (People and Work – Research Reports 65, pp. 1–25). Helsinki, Finland: National Institute of Occupational Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. E., & Moen, P. (2002). Retirement transitions, gender, and psychological well-being a life-course, ecological model. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57(3), P212–P222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S., & Feldman, D. C. (2000). Working in retirement: The antecedents of bridge employment and its consequences for quality of life in retirement. Academy of Management Journal, 4, 1195–1210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kooij, D. T., De Lange, A. H., Jansen, P. G., Kanfer, R., & Dikkers, J. S. (2011). Age and work‐related motives: Results of a meta‐analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(2), 197–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kooij, D. T., Jansen, P. G., Dikkers, J. S., & De Lange, A. H. (2010). The influence of age on the associations between HR practices and both affective commitment and job satisfaction: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(8), 1111–1136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laslett, P. (1989). A fresh map of life: The emergence of the third age. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laslett, P. (1996). A Fresh Map of Life (2nd ed.). Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsley, D. H., Brass, D. J., & Thomas, J. B. (1995). Efficacy-performing spirals: A multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 645–678.

    Google Scholar 

  • Löckenhoff, C. E. (2012). Understanding retirement: The promise of life-span developmental frameworks. European Journal of Ageing, 9(3), 227–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maestas, N. (2007). Back to work: Expectations and realizations of work after retirement. White Paper: Rand Labor and Population. Accessed From: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/working_papers/2007/RAND_WR196-2.pdf

  • Magnusson, D. (Ed.). (1997). The lifespan development of individuals: Behavioral, neurobiological, and psychosocial perspectives: A synthesis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauer, T. J. (2001). Career related learning and development, worker age, and beliefs about self-efficacy for development. Journal of Management, 27, 123–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayhew, L. (2009). Increasing longevity and the economic value of healthy ageing and working longer. White Paper: Cass Business School. Accessed From: http://www.pensions-institute.org/reports/increasinglongevity_report.pdf

  • McNamara, T. K., Pitt‐Catsouphes, M., Brown, M., & Matz‐Costa, C. (2012). Access to and utilization of flexible work options. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 51(4), 936–965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel, J. S., Mitchelson, J. K., Pichler, S., & Cullen, K. L. (2010). Clarifying relationships among work and family social support, stressors, and work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(1), 91–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirvis, P. H., & Hall, D. T. (1994). Psychological success and the boundaryless career. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(4), 365–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, W., Cantor, N., & Feldman, S. (1996). Principles of self-regulation: The nature of willpower and self-control. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 329–360). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mithaug, D. E. (1993). Self-regulation theory: How optimal adjustment maximizes gain. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moen, P. (1995). A life course approach to postretirement roles and well-being. In L. A. Bond, S. J. Culter, & A. Grams (Eds.), Promoting successful and productive aging (pp. 239–256). Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mor-Barak, M. E. (1995). The meaning of work for older adults seeking employment: The generativity factor. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 41, 325–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munnell, A. H. (2006). Employer-sponsored plans: The shift from defined benefit to defined. In G. L. Clark, A. H. Munnell, & J. M. Orszag (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of pensions and retirement income (p. 359). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munnell, A. H., & Sass, S. A. (2008). Working longer: The solution to the retirement income challenge. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, K. R., & Cleveland, J. (1995). Understanding performance appraisal: Social, organizational, and goal-based perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okun, M. A., & Schultz, A. (2003). Age and motives for volunteering: Testing hypotheses derived from socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 18(2), 231–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ollier-Malaterre, A., McNamara, T., Matz-Costa, C., Pitt-Catsouphes, M., & Valcour, M. (2013). Looking up to regulations, out at peers or down at the bottom line: How institutional logics affect the prevalence of age-related HR practices. Human Relations, 66, 1372–1395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010). Making things happen: A model of proactive motivation. Journal of Management, 36(4), 827–856.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinera, J. (2004). Will the pension time bomb sink the euro. Cato Journal, 24, 45–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulin, M. J., & Heckhausen, J. (2007). Stressful events compromise control strivings during a major life transition. Motivation and Emotion, 31(4), 300–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rafferty, A. E., & Griffin, M. A. (2006). Refining individualized consideration: Distinguishing developmental leadership and supportive leadership. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79(1), 37–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. M., Ho, V. T., & Greenberg, J. (2006). I-deals: Idiosyncratic terms in employment relationships. Academy of Management Review, 31(4), 977–994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salomon, J. A., Wang, H., Freeman, M. K., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Lopez, A. D., et al. (2013). Healthy life expectancy for 187 countries, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 380(9859), 2144–2162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargent, L. D., & Terry, D. J. (1998). The effects of work control and job demands on employee adjustment and work performance. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 71(3), 219–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalk, R., van Veldhoven, M., de Lange, A. H., De Witte, H., Kraus, K., Stamov-Rossnagel, C., et al. (2010). Moving European research on work and ageing forward: Overview and agenda. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 19(1), 76–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheibe, S., & Zacher, H. (in press). A lifespan perspective on emotion regulation, stress, and well-being in the workplace. In P. L. Perrewé, J. Halbesleben, & C.C. Rosen (Eds.), Volume 11 of Research in occupational stress and well being: The role of emotion and emotion regulation. West Yorkshire, UK: Emerald Group Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholer, A. A., & Higgins, E. T. (2008). Distinguishing levels of approach and avoidance: An analysis using regulatory focus theory. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation (pp. 489–505). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeman, T. E., Charpentier, P. A., Berkman, L. F., Tinetti, M. E., Guralnik, J. M., Albert, M., et al. (1994). Predicting changes in physical performance in a high-functioning elderly cohort: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Journal of Gerontology, 49(3), M97–M108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Settersten, R. A. (2003). Propositions and controversies in life-course scholarship. In R. A. Setterson (Ed.), Invitation to the life course: Toward new understandings of later life (pp. 15–45). New York: Baywood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanas, E. (1970). Health and adjustment in retirement. The Gerontologist, 10(1), 19–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoss, M. K., Witt, L. A., & Vera, D. (2012). When does adaptive performance lead to higher task performance? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(7), 910–924.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shultz, K. S. (2003). Bridge employment: Work after retirement. In G. A. Adams & T. A. Beehr (Eds.), Retirement: Reasons, processes, and results (pp. 214–241). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shultz, K. S., Morton, K. R., & Weckerle, J. R. (1998). The influence of push and pull factors on voluntary and involuntary early retirees’ retirement decision and adjustment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 53(1), 45–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shultz, K. S., & Wang, M. (2011). Psychological perspectives on the changing nature of retirement. American Psychologist, 66(3), 170–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, G., & Verma, A. (2003). Work history and later-life labor force participation: Evidence from a large telecommunications firm. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 56, 699–715.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, E. A. (1995). Perceived control, motivation, & coping. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staudinger, U. M., & Bowen, C. E. (2011). A systemic approach to aging in the work context. Zeitschrift für Arbeitsmarktforschung, 44(4), 295–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tims, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Job crafting: Towards a new model of individual job redesign. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Heijden, B. I., de Lange, A. H., Demerouti, E., & Van der Heijde, C. M. (2009). Age effects on the employability–career success relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(2), 156–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Solinge, H., & Henkens, K. (2008). Adjustment to and satisfaction with retirement: Two of a kind? Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 422–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Solinge, H. (2012). Explaining transitions into self-employment after (early) retirement (No.09, pp. 2012–2036). Netspar Discussion Paper. Accessed from: http://www.netspar.nl/files/Evenementen/IPW%20jan%202013/papers/029%20Van%20Solinge.pdf

  • Van Solinge, H., & Henkens, K. (2012). Explaining transitions into self-employment after (early) retirement in the Netherlands. The Gerontologist, 52, 719–719.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Yperen, N. W., & Hagedoorn, M. (2003). Do high job demands increase intrinsic motivation or fatigue or both? The role of job control and job social support. Academy of Management Journal, 46(3), 339–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viswesvaran, C., Sanchez, J. I., & Fisher, J. (1999). The role of social support in the process of work stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 314–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Bonsdorff, M. E., Shultz, K. S., Leskinen, E., & Tansky, J. (2009). The choice between retirement and bridge employment: A continuity theory and life course perspective. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 69(2), 79–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldman, D., & Avolio, B. (1986). A meta-analysis of age differences in job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(1), 33–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M. (2007). Profiling retirees in the retirement transition and adjustment process: Examining the longitudinal change patterns of retirees’ psychological well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 455–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M., Henkens, K., & Van Solinge, H. (2011). Retirement adjustment: A review of theoretical and empirical advancements. American Psychologist, 66(3), 204–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M., & Shultz, K. S. (2010). Employee retirement: A review and recommendations for future investigation. Journal of Management, 36, 172–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warr, P., Butcher, V., Robertson, I., & Callinan, M. (2004). Older people’s well‐being as a function of employment, retirement, environmental characteristics and role preference. British Journal of Psychology, 95(3), 297–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K. J., & Lillibridge, J. R. (1992). Perceived self competence and organizational behavior. In K. Kelley (Ed.), Issues, theory, and research in industrial/organizational psychology (pp. 155–184). New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. V., Giordano-Beech, M., Taylor, K. L., Michela, J. L., & Gaus, V. (1994). Strategies of social comparison among people with low self-esteem: Self-protection and self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 713–731.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. V., & Taylor, K. L. (1991). Serving self-relevant goals through social comparison. In J. Suls & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research (pp. 23–49). Hillside, NJ: LEA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrosch, C., & Freund, A. M. (2001). Self-regulation of normative and non-normative developmental challenges. Human Development, 44(5), 264–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrosch, C., & Heckhausen, J. (1999). Control processes before and after passing a developmental deadline: Activation and deactivation of intimate relationship goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(2), 415–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrosch, C., Heckhausen, J., & Lachman, M. E. (2000). Primary and secondary control strategies for managing health and financial stress across adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 15(3), 387–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrosch, C., Miller, G. E., Scheier, M. F., & de Pontet, S. B. (2007). Giving up on unattainable goals: Benefits for health? Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 33, 251–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a job: Re-envisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 179–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacher, H., & Frese, M. (2011). Maintaining a focus on opportunities at work: The interplay between age, job complexity, and the use of selection, optimization, and compensation strategies. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(2), 291–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhan, Y., Wang, M., Liu, S., & Shultz, K. S. (2009). Bridge employment and retirees’ health: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(4), 374–389.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Hanna van Solinge for her assistance with this chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA

    Cort W. Rudolph

  2. Faculty of Economics and Management, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Annet H. De Lange

  3. Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Annet H. De Lange

  4. University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway

    Annet H. De Lange

  5. Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Beatrice Van der Heijden

  6. Open University in the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands

    Beatrice Van der Heijden

  7. University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

    Beatrice Van der Heijden

Authors
  1. Cort W. Rudolph
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Annet H. De Lange
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Beatrice Van der Heijden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cort W. Rudolph .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Management, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom

    P. Matthijs Bal

  2. Department of Human Resource Studies, University of Tilburg, Tilburg, The Netherlands

    Dorien T.A.M. Kooij

  3. H. John Heinz III College, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Denise M. Rousseau

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rudolph, C.W., De Lange, A.H., Van der Heijden, B. (2015). Adjustment Processes in Bridge Employment: Where We Are and Where We Need To Go. In: Bal, P., Kooij, D., Rousseau, D. (eds) Aging Workers and the Employee-Employer Relationship. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08007-9_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation