Summary
In this chapter, the Type I interferons (IFNs), their modes of production, signaling, regulation of sets of effector genes and their roles in host defense will be introduced. During infection by bacteria and other pathogens, a fine balance in the IFN response is required to ensure protection of the host and the avoidance of toxicity or chronic disease. The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in inducing the interferon response; the Type I interferon receptors and their downstream signal transduction pathways; the interferon-regulated genes; and the Type I interferon regulated immune and antibacterial responses will be discussed. Case studies of IFNβ and IFNε will be presented as examples of broader principles of how regulating IFN expression in particular ways, organ specific requirements and compartmentalization within an organ can yield different results for host defense. The broad impact of the Type I interferon response to infections with bacterial pathogens including Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus aureus, group A and B streptococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chlamydia species and Legionella pneumophilia will be highlighted.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Pestka S, Krause CD, Walter MR (2004) Interferons, interferon-like cytokines, and their receptors. Immunol Rev 202:8–32
de Weerd NA, Samarajiwa SA, Hertzog PJ (2007) Type I interferon receptors: biochemistry and biological functions. J Biol Chem 282:20053–20057
Schroder K, Hertzog PJ, Ravasi T, Hume DA (2004) Interferon-gamma: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions. J Leukoc Biol 75:163–189
Kotenko SV (2011) IFN-lambdas. Curr Opin Immunol 23:583–590
Hertzog PJ, Williams BR (2013) Fine tuning type I interferon responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 24:217–225
Nagano Y, Kojima Y (1954) Pouvoir immunisant du virus vaccinal inactivé par des rayons ultraviolets. Comptes rendus des séances de la Société de biologie et de ses filiales 148:1700–1702
Isaacs A, Lindenmann J (1957) Virus interference. I. The interferon. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 147:258–267
Levy DE, Marie IJ, Durbin JE (2011) Induction and function of type I and III interferon in response to viral infection. Curr Opin Virol 1:476–486
Monroe KM, McWhirter SM, Vance RE (2010) Induction of type I interferons by bacteria. Cell Microbiol 12:881–890
Hamilton JA, Whitty GA, Kola I, Hertzog PJ (1996) Endogenous IFN-alpha beta suppresses colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1-stimulated macrophage DNA synthesis and mediates inhibitory effects of lipopolysaccharide and TNF-alpha. J Immunol 156:2553–2557
Takayanagi H, Kim S, Taniguchi T (2002) Signaling crosstalk between RANKL and interferons in osteoclast differentiation. Arthritis Res 4(Suppl 3):S227–S232
Swann JB, Hayakawa Y, Zerafa N, Sheehan KC, Scott B, Schreiber RD, Hertzog P, Smyth MJ (2007) Type I IFN contributes to NK cell homeostasis, activation, and antitumor function. J Immunol 178:7540–7549
Bidwell BN, Slaney CY, Withana NP, Forster S, Cao Y, Loi S, Andrews D, Mikeska T, Mangan NE, Samarajiwa SA, de Weerd NA, Gould J, Argani P, Moller A, Smyth MJ, Anderson RL, Hertzog PJ, Parker BS (2012) Silencing of Irf7 pathways in breast cancer cells promotes bone metastasis through immune escape. Nat Med 18:1224–1231
Hertzog PJ, O’Neill LA, Hamilton JA (2003) The interferon in TLR signaling: more than just antiviral. Trends Immunol 24:534–539
Noppert SJ, Fitzgerald KA, Hertzog PJ (2007) The role of type I interferons in TLR responses. Immunol Cell Biol 85:446–457
Kawai T, Akira S (2010) The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol 11:373–384
Tamura T, Yanai H, Savitsky D, Taniguchi T (2008) The IRF family transcription factors in immunity and oncogenesis. Annu Rev Immunol 26:535–584
Barbalat R, Lau L, Locksley RM, Barton GM (2009) Toll-like receptor 2 on inflammatory monocytes induces type I interferon in response to viral but not bacterial ligands. Nat Immunol 10:1200–1207
Weiss G, Maaetoft-Udsen K, Stifter SA, Hertzog P, Goriely S, Thomsen AR, Paludan SR, Frokiaer H (2012) MyD88 drives the IFN-beta response to Lactobacillus acidophilus in dendritic cells through a mechanism involving IRF1, IRF3, and IRF7. J Immunol 189:2860–2868
Parker D, Prince A (2012) Staphylococcus aureus induces type I IFN signaling in dendritic cells via TLR9. J Immunol 189:4040–4046
Mancuso G, Gambuzza M, Midiri A, Biondo C, Papasergi S, Akira S, Teti G, Beninati C (2009) Bacterial recognition by TLR7 in the lysosomes of conventional dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 10:587–594
Kato H, Sato S, Yoneyama M, Yamamoto M, Uematsu S, Matsui K, Tsujimura T, Takeda K, Fujita T, Takeuchi O, Akira S (2005) Cell type-specific involvement of RIG-I in antiviral response. Immunity 23:19–28
Kawai T, Takahashi K, Sato S, Coban C, Kumar H, Kato H, Ishii KJ, Takeuchi O, Akira S (2005) IPS-1, an adaptor triggering RIG-I- and Mda5-mediated type I interferon induction. Nat Immunol 6:981–988
Seth RB, Sun L, Ea CK, Chen ZJ (2005) Identification and characterization of MAVS, a mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein that activates NF-kappaB and IRF 3. Cell 122:669–682
Ishikawa H, Ma Z, Barber GN (2009) STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate immunity. Nature 461:788–792
Barber GN (2014) STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing pathways. Trends Immunol 35:88–93
Woodward JJ, Iavarone AT, Portnoy DA (2010) c-di-AMP secreted by intracellular Listeria monocytogenes activates a host type I interferon response. Science 328:1703–1705
Bowie AG (2012) Innate sensing of bacterial cyclic dinucleotides: more than just STING. Nat Immunol 13:1137–1139
Parvatiyar K, Zhang Z, Teles RM, Ouyang S, Jiang Y, Iyer SS, Zaver SA, Schenk M, Zeng S, Zhong W, Liu ZJ, Modlin RL, Liu YJ, Cheng G (2012) The helicase DDX41 recognizes the bacterial secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP to activate a type I interferon immune response. Nat Immunol 13:1155–1161
Prantner D, Darville T, Nagarajan UM (2010) Stimulator of IFN gene is critical for induction of IFN-beta during Chlamydia muridarum infection. J Immunol 184:2551–2560
Manzanillo PS, Shiloh MU, Portnoy DA, Cox JS (2012) Mycobacterium tuberculosis activates the DNA-dependent cytosolic surveillance pathway within macrophages. Cell Host Microbe 11:469–480
Lippmann J, Muller HC, Naujoks J, Tabeling C, Shin S, Witzenrath M, Hellwig K, Kirschning CJ, Taylor GA, Barchet W, Bauer S, Suttorp N, Roy CR, Opitz B (2011) Dissection of a type I interferon pathway in controlling bacterial intracellular infection in mice. Cell Microbiol 13:1668–1682
Takaoka A, Wang Z, Choi MK, Yanai H, Negishi H, Ban T, Lu Y, Miyagishi M, Kodama T, Honda K, Ohba Y, Taniguchi T (2007) DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator of innate immune response. Nature 448:501–505
Parker D, Martin FJ, Soong G, Harfenist BS, Aguilar JL, Ratner AJ, Fitzgerald KA, Schindler C, Prince A (2011) Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA initiates type I interferon signaling in the respiratory tract. MBio 2:e00016-00011
Chiu YH, Macmillan JB, Chen ZJ (2009) RNA polymerase III detects cytosolic DNA and induces type I interferons through the RIG-I pathway. Cell 138:576–591
Henry T, Brotcke A, Weiss DS, Thompson LJ, Monack DM (2007) Type I interferon signaling is required for activation of the inflammasome during Francisella infection. J Exp Med 204:987–994
Henry T, Monack DM (2007) Activation of the inflammasome upon Francisella tularensis infection: interplay of innate immune pathways and virulence factors. Cell Microbiol 9:2543–2551
Kim S, Bauernfeind F, Ablasser A, Hartmann G, Fitzgerald KA, Latz E, Hornung V (2010) Listeria monocytogenes is sensed by the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome. Eur J Immunol 40:1545–1551
Pandey AK, Yang Y, Jiang Z, Fortune SM, Coulombe F, Behr MA, Fitzgerald KA, Sassetti CM, Kelliher MA (2009) NOD2, RIP2 and IRF5 play a critical role in the type I interferon response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 5:e1000500
Park JH, Kim YG, McDonald C, Kanneganti TD, Hasegawa M, Body-Malapel M, Inohara N, Nunez G (2007) RICK/RIP2 mediates innate immune responses induced through Nod1 and Nod2 but not TLRs. J Immunol 178:2380–2386
Parker D, Planet PJ, Soong G, Narechania A, Prince A (2014) Induction of type I interferon signaling determines the relative pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus strains. PLoS Pathog 10:e1003951
Fung KY, Mangan NE, Cumming H, Horvat JC, Mayall JR, Stifter SA, De Weerd N, Roisman LC, Rossjohn J, Robertson SA, Schjenken JE, Parker B, Gargett CE, Nguyen HP, Carr DJ, Hansbro PM, Hertzog PJ (2013) Interferon-epsilon protects the female reproductive tract from viral and bacterial infection. Science 339:1088–1092
Parker D, Prince A (2011) Type I interferon response to extracellular bacteria in the airway epithelium. Trends Immunol 32:582–588
Hwang SY, Hertzog PJ, Holland KA, Sumarsono SH, Tymms MJ, Hamilton JA, Whitty G, Bertoncello I, Kola I (1995) A null mutation in the gene encoding a type I interferon receptor component eliminates antiproliferative and antiviral responses to interferons alpha and beta and alters macrophage responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:11284–11288
Muller U, Steinhoff U, Reis LF, Hemmi S, Pavlovic J, Zinkernagel RM, Aguet M (1994) Functional role of type I and type II interferons in antiviral defense. Science 264:1918–1921
Novick D, Cohen B, Rubinstein M (1994) The human interferon alpha/beta receptor: characterization and molecular cloning. Cell 77:391–400
Lutfalla G, Holland SJ, Cinato E, Monneron D, Reboul J, Rogers NC, Smith JM, Stark GR, Gardiner K, Mogensen KE et al (1995) Mutant U5A cells are complemented by an interferon-alpha beta receptor subunit generated by alternative processing of a new member of a cytokine receptor gene cluster. EMBO J 14:5100–5108
Owczarek CM, Hwang SY, Holland KA, Gulluyan LM, Tavaria M, Weaver B, Reich NC, Kola I, Hertzog PJ (1997) Cloning and characterization of soluble and transmembrane isoforms of a novel component of the murine type I interferon receptor, IFNAR 2. J Biol Chem 272:23865–23870
Hardy MP, Owczarek CM, Trajanovska S, Liu X, Kola I, Hertzog PJ (2001) The soluble murine type I interferon receptor Ifnar-2 is present in serum, is independently regulated, and has both agonistic and antagonistic properties. Blood 97:473–482
Ruwanpura SM, McLeod L, Brooks GD, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R, Longano A, Bardin PG, Anderson GP, Jenkins BJ (2014) IL-6/Stat3-driven pulmonary inflammation, but not emphysema, is dependent on interleukin-17A in mice. Respirology 19:419–427
Samarajiwa SA, Mangan NE, Hardy MP, Najdovska M, Dubach D, Braniff SJ, Owczarek CM, Hertzog PJ (2014) Soluble IFN receptor potentiates in vivo type I IFN signaling and exacerbates TLR4-mediated septic shock. J Immunol 192:4425–4435
Domanski P, Fish E, Nadeau OW, Witte M, Platanias LC, Yan H, Krolewski J, Pitha P, Colamonici OR (1997) A region of the beta subunit of the interferon alpha receptor different from box 1 interacts with Jak1 and is sufficient to activate the Jak-Stat pathway and induce an antiviral state. J Biol Chem 272:26388–26393
Yan H, Krishnan K, Lim JT, Contillo LG, Krolewski JJ (1996) Molecular characterization of an alpha interferon receptor 1 subunit (IFNaR1) domain required for TYK2 binding and signal transduction. Mol Cell Biol 16:2074–2082
Stark GR, Darnell JE Jr (2012) The JAK-STAT pathway at twenty. Immunity 36:503–514
Piganis RA, De Weerd NA, Gould JA, Schindler CW, Mansell A, Nicholson SE, Hertzog PJ (2011) Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1 inhibits type I interferon (IFN) signaling via the interferon alpha receptor (IFNAR1)-associated tyrosine kinase Tyk2. J Biol Chem 286:33811–33818
Zhao W, Lee C, Piganis R, Plumlee C, de Weerd N, Hertzog PJ, Schindler C (2008) A conserved IFN-alpha receptor tyrosine motif directs the biological response to type I IFNs. J Immunol 180:5483–5489
Platanias LC (2005) Mechanisms of type-I- and type-II-interferon-mediated signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 5:375–386
van Boxel-Dezaire AH, Rani MR, Stark GR (2006) Complex modulation of cell type-specific signaling in response to type I interferons. Immunity 25:361–372
O’Shea JJ, Plenge R (2012) JAK and STAT signaling molecules in immunoregulation and immune-mediated disease. Immunity 36:542–550
Ragimbeau J, Dondi E, Alcover A, Eid P, Uze G, Pellegrini S (2003) The tyrosine kinase Tyk2 controls IFNAR1 cell surface expression. EMBO J 22:537–547
Ramana CV, Gil MP, Han Y, Ransohoff RM, Schreiber RD, Stark GR (2001) Stat1-independent regulation of gene expression in response to IFN-gamma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:6674–6679
Yang CH, Murti A, Pfeffer SR, Kim JG, Donner DB, Pfeffer LM (2001) Interferon alpha/beta promotes cell survival by activating nuclear factor kappa B through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt. J Biol Chem 276:13756–13761
Joshi S, Kaur S, Redig AJ, Goldsborough K, David K, Ueda T, Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Baker DP, Fish EN, Fukunaga R, Platanias LC (2009) Type I interferon (IFN)-dependent activation of Mnk1 and its role in the generation of growth inhibitory responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:12097–12102
Kaur S, Sassano A, Dolniak B, Joshi S, Majchrzak-Kita B, Baker DP, Hay N, Fish EN, Platanias LC (2008) Role of the Akt pathway in mRNA translation of interferon-stimulated genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:4808–4813
Kaur S, Sassano A, Majchrzak-Kita B, Baker DP, Su B, Fish EN, Platanias LC (2012) Regulatory effects of mTORC2 complexes in type I IFN signaling and in the generation of IFN responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:7723–7728
Petricoin EF 3rd, Ito S, Williams BL, Audet S, Stancato LF, Gamero A, Clouse K, Grimley P, Weiss A, Beeler J, Finbloom DS, Shores EW, Abraham R, Larner AC (1997) Antiproliferative action of interferon-alpha requires components of T-cell-receptor signalling. Nature 390:629–632
Samarajiwa SA, Forster S, Auchettl K, Hertzog PJ (2009) INTERFEROME: the database of interferon regulated genes. Nucleic Acids Res 37:D852–D857
Rusinova I, Forster S, Yu S, Kannan A, Masse M, Cumming H, Chapman R, Hertzog PJ (2013) Interferome v2.0: an updated database of annotated interferon-regulated genes. Nucleic Acids Res 41:D1040–D1046
Hertzog P, Forster S, Samarajiwa S (2011) Systems biology of interferon responses. J Interferon Cytokine Res 31:5–11
Harman AN, Lai J, Turville S, Samarajiwa S, Gray L, Marsden V, Mercier SK, Jones K, Nasr N, Rustagi A, Cumming H, Donaghy H, Mak J, Gale M Jr, Churchill M, Hertzog P, Cunningham AL (2011) HIV infection of dendritic cells subverts the IFN induction pathway via IRF-1 and inhibits type 1 IFN production. Blood 118:298–308
Berry MP, Blankley S, Graham CM, Bloom CI, O’Garra A (2013) Systems approaches to studying the immune response in tuberculosis. Curr Opin Immunol 25:579–587
Schoggins JW (2014) Interferon-stimulated genes: roles in viral pathogenesis. Curr Opin Virol 6C:40–46
Decker T, Muller M, Stockinger S (2005) The yin and yang of type I interferon activity in bacterial infection. Nat Rev Immunol 5:675–687
Gonzalez-Navajas JM, Lee J, David M, Raz E (2012) Immunomodulatory functions of type I interferons. Nat Rev Immunol 12:125–135
Nagarajan UM, Prantner D, Sikes JD, Andrews CW Jr, Goodwin AM, Nagarajan S, Darville T (2008) Type I interferon signaling exacerbates Chlamydia muridarum genital infection in a murine model. Infect Immun 76:4642–4648
de Almeida LA, Carvalho NB, Oliveira FS, Lacerda TL, Vasconcelos AC, Nogueira L, Bafica A, Silva AM, Oliveira SC (2011) MyD88 and STING signaling pathways are required for IRF3-mediated IFN-beta induction in response to Brucella abortus infection. PLoS One 6:e23135
Lizak M, Yarovinsky TO (2012) Phospholipid scramblase 1 mediates type I interferon-induced protection against staphylococcal alpha-toxin. Cell Host Microbe 11:70–80
Taylor GA, Feng CG, Sher A (2004) p47 GTPases: regulators of immunity to intracellular pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol 4:100–109
Hervas-Stubbs S, Perez-Gracia JL, Rouzaut A, Sanmamed MF, Le Bon A, Melero I (2011) Direct effects of type I interferons on cells of the immune system. Clin Cancer Res 17:2619–2627
Carrigan SO, Junkins R, Yang YJ, Macneil A, Richardson C, Johnston B, Lin TJ (2010) IFN regulatory factor 3 contributes to the host response during Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in mice. J Immunol 185:3602–3609
Power MR, Li B, Yamamoto M, Akira S, Lin TJ (2007) A role of Toll-IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-beta in the host response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in mice. J Immunol 178:3170–3176
Chang EY, Guo B, Doyle SE, Cheng G (2007) Cutting edge: involvement of the type I IFN production and signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-10 production. J Immunol 178:6705–6709
Guo B, Chang EY, Cheng G (2008) The type I IFN induction pathway constrains Th17-mediated autoimmune inflammation in mice. J Clin Invest 118:1680–1690
Carrero JA, Unanue ER (2006) Lymphocyte apoptosis as an immune subversion strategy of microbial pathogens. Trends Immunol 27:497–503
Stephanou A, Brar BK, Knight RA, Latchman DS (2000) Opposing actions of STAT-1 and STAT-3 on the Bcl-2 and Bcl-x promoters. Cell Death Differ 7:329–330
Broz P, Monack DM (2013) Noncanonical inflammasomes: caspase-11 activation and effector mechanisms. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003144
Robinson N, McComb S, Mulligan R, Dudani R, Krishnan L, Sad S (2012) Type I interferon induces necroptosis in macrophages during infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Nat Immunol 13:954–962
Ivashkiv LB, Donlin LT (2014) Regulation of type I interferon responses. Nat Rev Immunol 14:36–49
Gough DJ, Messina NL, Hii L, Gould JA, Sabapathy K, Robertson AP, Trapani JA, Levy DE, Hertzog PJ, Clarke CJ, Johnstone RW (2010) Functional crosstalk between type I and II interferon through the regulated expression of STAT1. PLoS Biol 8:e1000361
Guarda G, Braun M, Staehli F, Tardivel A, Mattmann C, Forster I, Farlik M, Decker T, Du Pasquier RA, Romero P, Tschopp J (2011) Type I interferon inhibits interleukin-1 production and inflammasome activation. Immunity 34:213–223
Malireddi RK, Kanneganti TD (2013) Role of type I interferons in inflammasome activation, cell death, and disease during microbial infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 3:77
Thomas KE, Galligan CL, Newman RD, Fish EN, Vogel SN (2006) Contribution of interferon-beta to the murine macrophage response to the toll-like receptor 4 agonist, lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 281:31119–31130
Alexander WS, Starr R, Fenner JE, Scott CL, Handman E, Sprigg NS, Corbin JE, Cornish AL, Darwiche R, Owczarek CM, Kay TW, Nicola NA, Hertzog PJ, Metcalf D, Hilton DJ (1999) SOCS1 is a critical inhibitor of interferon gamma signaling and prevents the potentially fatal neonatal actions of this cytokine. Cell 98:597–608
Fenner JE, Starr R, Cornish AL, Zhang JG, Metcalf D, Schreiber RD, Sheehan K, Hilton DJ, Alexander WS, Hertzog PJ (2006) Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 regulates the immune response to infection by a unique inhibition of type I interferon activity. Nat Immunol 7:33–39
Mansell A, Smith R, Doyle SL, Gray P, Fenner JE, Crack PJ, Nicholson SE, Hilton DJ, O’Neill LA, Hertzog PJ (2006) Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 negatively regulates Toll-like receptor signaling by mediating Mal degradation. Nat Immunol 7:148–155
Karaghiosoff M, Steinborn R, Kovarik P, Kriegshauser G, Baccarini M, Donabauer B, Reichart U, Kolbe T, Bogdan C, Leanderson T, Levy D, Decker T, Muller M (2003) Central role for type I interferons and Tyk2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxin shock. Nat Immunol 4:471–477
de Weerd NA, Vivian JP, Nguyen TK, Mangan NE, Gould JA, Braniff SJ, Zaker-Tabrizi L, Fung KY, Forster SC, Beddoe T, Reid HH, Rossjohn J, Hertzog PJ (2013) Structural basis of a unique interferon-beta signaling axis mediated via the receptor IFNAR1. Nat Immunol 14:901–907
Thomas C, Moraga I, Levin D, Krutzik PO, Podoplelova Y, Trejo A, Lee C, Yarden G, Vleck SE, Glenn JS, Nolan GP, Piehler J, Schreiber G, Garcia KC (2011) Structural linkage between ligand discrimination and receptor activation by type I interferons. Cell 146:621–632
Hardy MP, Owczarek CM, Jermiin LS, Ejdeback M, Hertzog PJ (2004) Characterization of the type I interferon locus and identification of novel genes. Genomics 84:331–345
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hertzog, P.J. (2014). Production and Action of Type I Interferons in Host Defense. In: Parker, D. (eds) Bacterial Activation of Type I Interferons. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09498-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09498-4_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-09497-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-09498-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)