Abstract
The authors have incorporated the life cycle thinking approach in their research activities during the past few years with the aim to conduct environmental assessments of ship air emissions from a life cycle perspective. This chapter presents some illustrative findings from this work. These include a presentation of a life cycle ship framework which considers the ship as a system that may be detailed into sub-systems for which: (a) inputs, (b) processes, and (c) outputs, are identified and elaborated. Important ship life cycle stages are built-in in this model; namely the shipbuilding stage, ship operation including major maintenance activities, and finally the stage of ship dismantling/recycling. This chapter also presents illustrative numerical results of a Life Cycle Assessment study conducted for important air emissions occurring throughout the life cycle of an ocean going ship. Finally, the chapter discusses the main difficulties observed during the period of experimenting with the Life Cycle Assessment method and some limitations of this method to sufficiently cover the case of shipping. The main issues discussed in this context are: the adaptation of the methodology to maritime transport scenarios, the system boundaries selection, the establishment of life cycle inventories and the availability of data and most importantly the impact assessment step of Life Cycle Assessment which (for the case of ships) has shown to have more difficulty and wider uncertainty than any other step of the method.
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Abbreviations
- CF:
-
Characterization factor
- CH4 :
-
Methane
- CO:
-
Carbon monoxide
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- DALY:
-
Disability adjusted life years
- dwt:
-
Dead weight of the ship
- ESA:
-
Environmental system analysis
- EU:
-
European Union
- GHG:
-
Greenhouse gasses
- HFO:
-
Heavy fuel oil
- IMO:
-
International Maritime Organization
- ISO:
-
International Organization for Standardization
- LCA:
-
Life cycle assessment
- LCI:
-
Life cycle inventory
- LCIA:
-
Life cycle impact assessment
- LNG:
-
Liquefied natural gas
- MARPOL:
-
International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships
- MGO:
-
Marine gas oil
- NMVOC:
-
Non methane volatile organic compounds
- NOx :
-
Nitrogen oxides
- PM:
-
Particulate matter
- SETAC:
-
Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
- SO2 :
-
Sulphur dioxide
- SOx :
-
Sulphur oxides
- UNEP:
-
United Nations Environmental Program
- VOC:
-
Volatile organic compounds
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Acknowledgments
Part of this work has been carried out in the context of the research activities of the Centre of Excellence in Ship Total Energy-Emissions-Economy of the National Technical University of Athens, School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering. The financial support provided by the Lloyds Register Foundation (LRF) to the Centre is gratefully acknowledged. LRF helps to protect life and property by supporting engineering-related education, public engagement and the application of research.
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Chatzinikolaou, S.D., Ventikos, N.P. (2016). Critical Analysis of Air Emissions from Ships: Lifecycle Thinking and Results. In: Psaraftis, H. (eds) Green Transportation Logistics. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, vol 226. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17175-3_11
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