Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Eye in Pediatric Systemic Disease pp 295–325Cite as

Hematologic Disorders of the Eye

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Hematological disease may affect the eye in many ways. In this chapter we will focus on two of the most common hematologic diseases with ocular complications.

Sickle cell disease refers to a group of genetic blood disorders characterized by a production of mutant hemoglobin causing vaso-occlusion of the microcirculation. We will explore the systemic and ocular complications of this hemoglobinopathy.

Leukemia is a neoplasm of the leukocytes (white blood cells). It is the most common malignancy of childhood. The systemic and ocular complications of this disease are discussed with attention to diagnosis and management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Heeney M, Drover GJ. Sickle cell disease. Nathan and Oski’s hematology of infancy and childhood. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Claster S, Vichinsky EP. Managing sickle cell disease. BMJ. 2003;327(7424):1151–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Herrick JB. Peculiar elongated and sickle-shaped corpuscles in a case of severe anemia. Arch Intern Med. 1910;6:517–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Sydenstricked VP, Mulherin WA, Houseal RW. Sickle cell anemia: report of two cases in children, with necropsy in one case. Am J Dis Child. 1987;141(6):612–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Pauling L, Itano HA. Sickle cell anemia a molecular disease. Science. 1949;110(2865):543–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Neel JV. The inheritance of the sickling phenomenon, with particular reference to sickle cell disease. Blood. 1951;6(5):389–412.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Edington GM, Sarkies JWR. Two cases of sickle-cell anaemia associated with retinal microaneurysms. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1952;46(1):59–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Henry MD, Chapman AZ. Vitreous hemorrhage and retinopathy associated with sickle-cell disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1954;38(2):204–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kennedy JJ, Cope CB. Intraocular lesions associated with sickle-cell disease. AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 1957;58(2):163–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Geeraets WJ, Guerry D. Angioid streaks and sicklecell disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1960;49:450–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Duke-Elder SS. System of ophthalmology: diseases of the retina. In: Duke-Elder SS, editor. St. Louis: Mosby; 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Welch RB, Goldberg MF. Sickle-cell hemoglobin and its relation to fundus abnormality. Arch Ophthalmol. 1966;75(3):353–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. CDC—Sickle Cell Disease, Data and Statistics—NCBDDD. [Internet] [updated 2011 Sep 16; cited 2014 Dec 18]. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/data.html

  14. Wong AL, Sakamoto KM, Johnson EE. Differentiating osteomyelitis from bone infarction in sickle cell disease. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2001;17(1):60–3; quiz64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Charache S, Terrin ML, Moore RD, Dover GJ, Barton FB, Eckert SV, et al. Effect of hydroxyurea on the frequency of painful crises in sickle cell anemia. Investigators of the Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea in Sickle Cell Anemia. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(20): 1317–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Yawn BP, Buchanan GR, Afenyi-Annan AN, Ballas SK, Hassell KL, James AH, et al. Management of sickle cell disease: summary of the 2014 evidence-based report by expert panel members. JAMA. 2014;2014:1033–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hirst C, Owusu-Ofori S. Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease. In: Hirst C, editor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Chichester: Wiley; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Knight-Madden J, Greenough A. Acute pulmonary complications of sickle cell disease. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2014;15(1):13–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rhodes MM, Bates DG, Andrews T, Adkins L, Thornton J, Denham JM. Abdominal pain in children with sickle cell disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48(2):99–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ohene-Frempong K, Weiner SJ, Sleeper LA, Miller ST, Embury S, Moohr JW, et al. Cerebrovascular accidents in sickle cell disease: rates and risk factors. Blood. 1998;91(1):288–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Adams RJ, McKie VC, Hsu L, Files B, Vichinsky E, Pegelow C, et al. Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(1):5–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Fasano RM, Meier ER, Hulbert ML. Cerebral vasculopathy in children with sickle cell anemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2015;54(1):17–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Olujohungbe A, Burnett AL. How I manage priapism due to sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol. 2013;160(6):754–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Silva IV, Reis AF, Palaré MJ, Ferrão A, Rodrigues T, Morais A. Sickle cell disease in children: chronic complications and search of predictive factors for adverse outcomes. Eur J Haematol. 2014. doi:10.1111/ejh.12411.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Naik RP, Derebail VK, Grams ME, Franceschini N, Auer PL, Peloso GM, et al. Association of sickle cell trait with chronic kidney disease and albuminuria in African Americans. JAMA. 2014;312(20):2115–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Schündeln MM, Ringelstein A, Storbeck T, Kocadag K, Grasemann C. Orbital compression syndrome in a child with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr. 2014;164(3):671.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Noble J, Schendel S, Weizblit N, Gill HS, Deangelis DD. Orbital wall infarction in sickle cell disease. Can J Ophthalmol. 2008;43(5):603–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ghafouri RH, Lee I, Freitag SK, Pira TN. Bilateral orbital bone infarction in sickle-cell disease. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;27(2):e26–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ganesh A, William RR, Mitra S, Yanamadala S, Hussein SS, Al-Kindi S, et al. Orbital involvement in sickle cell disease: a report of five cases and review literature. Eye (Lond). 2001;15(Pt 6):774–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Adewoye AH, Ramsey J, McMahon L, Sakai O, Steinberg MH. Lacrimal gland enlargement in sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol. 2006;81(11):888–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Zdinak LA, Nik NA, Hidayat AA, Hargett NA. Renal medullary carcinoma metastatic to the orbit: a clinicopathologic report. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;20(4):322–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Duke-Elder SS, Duke-Elder WSS, Leigh AG. System of ophthalmology: diseases of the outer eye. St. Louis: Mosby; 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Serjeant GR, Serjeant BE, Condon PI. The conjunctival sign in sickle cell anemia. A relationship with irreversibly sickled cells. JAMA. 1972;219(11):1428–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Nagpal KC, Asdourian GK, Goldbaum MH, Raichand M, Goldberg MF. The conjunctival sickling sign, hemoglobin S, and irreversibly sickled erythrocytes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95(5):808–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Clarkson JG. The ocular manifestations of sickle-cell disease: a prevalence and natural history study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1992;90:481–504.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Friberg TR, Young CM, Milner PF. Incidence of ocular abnormalities in patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies. Ann Ophthalmol. 1986;18(4):150–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Siqueira WC, Figueiredo MS, Cruz AA, Costa FF, Zago MA. Conjunctival vessel abnormalities in sickle cell diseases: the influence of age and genotype. Acta Ophthalmol. 1990;68(5):515–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cheung ATW, Miller JW, Craig SM, To PL, Lin X, Samarron SL, et al. Comparison of real-time microvascular abnormalities in pediatric and adult sickle cell anemia patients. Am J Hematol. 2010;85(11):899–901.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Goldberg MF. The diagnosis and treatment of sickled erythrocytes in human hyphemas. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1978;76:481–501.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Radius RL, Finkelstein D. Central retinal artery occlusion (reversible in sickle trait with glaucoma). Br J Ophthalmol. 1976;60(6):428–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Sorr EM, Goldberg RE. Traumatic central retinal artery occlusion with sickle cell trait. Am J Ophthalmol. 1975;80(4):648–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Michelson PE, Pfaffenbach D. Retinal arterial occlusion following ocular trauma in youths with sickle-trait hemoglobinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1972;74(3):494–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Nasrullah A, Kerr NC. Sickle cell trait as a risk factor for secondary hemorrhage in children with traumatic hyphema. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;123(6):783–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lai JC, Fekrat S, Barrón Y, Goldberg MF. Traumatic hyphema in children: risk factors for complications. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(1):64–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Deutsch TA, Weinreb RN, Goldberg MF. Indications for surgical management of hyphema in patients with sickle cell trait. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102(4):566–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Bergren RL, Brown GC. Neovascular glaucoma secondary to sickle-cell retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;113(6):718–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Acheson RW, Ford SM, Maude GH, Lyness RW, Serjeant GR. Iris atrophy in sickle cell disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1986;70(7):516–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Clarkson JG, Altman RD. Angioid streaks. Surv Ophthalmol. 1982;26(5):235–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Albert DM, Jakobiec FA, Azar DT. Principles and practice of ophthalmology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Shilling JS, Blach RK. Prognosis and therapy of angioid streaks. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1975;95(2):301–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Dizon RV, Jampol LM, Goldberg MF, Juarez C. Choroidal occlusive disease in sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. Surv Ophthalmol. 1979;23(5):297–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Chalam KV, Shah VA. Macular infarction a presentation of sickle cell crisis. Eye (Lond). 2004;18(12):1277–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Clarke WN, Vomiero G, Leonard BC. Bilateral simultaneous retinal arteriolar obstruction in a child with hemoglobin SS sickle cell disease. J AAPOS. 2001;5(2):126–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Al-Abdulla NA, Haddock TA, Kerrison JB, Goldberg MF. Sickle cell disease presenting with extensive peri-macular arteriolar occlusions in a nine-year-old boy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131(2):275–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Merritt JC, Risco JM, Pantell JP. Bilateral macular infaction in SS disease. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1982;19(5):275–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Asdourian GK, Nagpal KC, Busse B, Goldbaum M, Patriankos D, Rabb MF, et al. Macular and perimacular vascular remodelling sickling haemoglobinopathies. Br J Ophthalmol. 1976;60(6):431–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Lee CM, Charles HC, Smith RT, Peachey NS, Cunha-Vaz JG, Goldberg MF. Quantification of macular ischaemia in sickle cell retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1987;71(7):540–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Cusick M, Toma HS, Hwang TS, Brown JC, Miller NR, Adams NA. Binasal visual field defects from simultaneous bilateral retinal infarctions in sickle cell disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(5):893–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Moriarty BJ, Acheson RW, Serjeant GR. Epiretinal membranes in sickle cell disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1987;71(6):466–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Carney MD, Jampol LM. Epiretinal membranes in sickle cell retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105(2):214–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Witkin AJ, Rogers AH, Ko TH, Fujimoto JG, Schuman JS, Duker JS. Optical coherence tomography demonstration of macular infarction in sickle cell retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(5):746–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Robert MP, Ingster-Moati I, Roche O, Boddaert N, de Montalembert M, Brousse V, et al. Asymptomatic atrophy of the temporal median raphe of the retina associated with cerebral vasculopathy in homozygous sickle cell disease. J AAPOS. 2012;16(4):394–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Chow CC, Genead MA, Anastasakis A, Chau FY, Fishman GA, Lim JI. Structural and functional correlation in sickle cell retinopathy using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscope microperimetry. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;152(4):704–711.e2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Cohen SB, Fletcher ME, Goldberg MF, Jednock NJ. Diagnosis and management of ocular complications of sickle hemoglobinopathies: Part II. Ophthalmic Surg. 1986;17(2):110–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Gagliano DA, Goldberg MF. The evolution of salmon-patch hemorrhages in sickle cell retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107(12):1814–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. McLeod DS, Goldberg MF, Lutty GA. Dual-perspective analysis of vascular formations in sickle cell retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111(9):1234–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Liang JC, Jampol LM. Spontaneous peripheral chorioretinal neovascularisation in association with sickle cell anaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1983;67(2):107–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Goldberg MF. Classification and pathogenesis of proliferative sickle retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971;71(3):649–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Nagpal KC, Goldberg MF, Rabb MF. Ocular manifestations of sickle hemoglobinopathies. Surv Ophthalmol. 1977;21(5):391–411.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Cho M, Kiss S. Detection and monitoring of sickle cell retinopathy using ultra wide-field color photography and fluorescein angiography. Retina. 2011;31(4):738–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Moriarty BJ, Acheson RW, Condon PI, Serjeant GR. Patterns of visual loss in untreated sickle cell retinopathy. Eye (Lond). 1988;2(Pt 3):330–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Goldberg MF, Charache S, Acacio I. Ophthalmologic manifestations of sickle cell thalassemia. Arch Intern Med. 1971;128(1):33–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hayes RJ, Condon PI, Serjeant GR. Haematological factors associated with proliferative retinopathy in homozygous sickle cell disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981;65(1):29–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Penman AD, Talbot JF, Chuang EL, Thomas P, Serjeant GR, Bird AC. New classification of peripheral retinal vascular changes in sickle cell disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78(9):681–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Eruchalu UV, Pam VA, Akuse RM. Ocular findings in children with severe clinical symptoms of homozygous sickle cell anaemia in Kaduna, Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2006;25(2):88–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Goldberg MF. Natural history of untreated proliferative sickle retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1971;85(4):428–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Condon PI, Serjeant GR. Behaviour of untreated proliferative sickle retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1980;64(6):404–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Nagpal KC, Patrianakos D, Asdourian GK, Goldberg MF, Rabb M, Jampol L. Spontaneous regression (autoinfarction) of proliferative sickle retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1975;80(5):885–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Emerson GG, Lutty GA. Effects of sickle cell disease on the eye: clinical features and treatment. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2005;19(5):957–73, ix.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Cohen SB, Fletcher ME, Goldberg MF, Jednock NJ. Diagnosis and management of ocular complications of sickle hemoglobinopaties: Part III. Ophthalmic Surg. 1986;17(3):184–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Fox PD, Minninger K, Forshaw ML, Vessey SJ, Morris JS, Serjeant GR. Laser photocoagulation for proliferative retinopathy in sickle haemoglobin C disease. Eye (Lond). 1993;7(Pt 5):703–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Farber MD, Jampol LM, Fox P, Moriarty BJ, Acheson RW, Rabb MF, et al. A randomized clinical trial of scatter photocoagulation of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109(3):363–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Sayag D, Binaghi M, Souied EH, Querques G, Galacteros F, Coscas G, et al. Retinal photocoagulation for proliferative sickle cell retinopathy: a prospective clinical trial with new sea fan classification. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2008;18(2):248–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Fox PD, Acheson RW, Serjeant GR. Outcome of iatrogenic choroidal neovascularisation in sickle cell disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1990;74(7):417–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Seiberth V. Trans-scleral diode laser photocoagulation in proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(9):1828–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Cohen SB, Fletcher ME, Goldberg MF, Jednock NJ. Diagnosis and management of ocular complications of sickle hemoglobinopathies: Part IV. Ophthalmic Surg. 1986;17(5):312–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Ryan SJ, Goldberg MF. Anterior segment ischemia following scleral buckling in sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971;72(1):35–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Chen RWS, Flynn HW, Lee W-H, Parke DW, Isom RF, Davis JL, et al. Vitreoretinal management and surgical outcomes in proliferative sickle retinopathy: a case series. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;157(4):870–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Williamson TH, Rajput R, Laidlaw DAH, Mokete B. Vitreoretinal management of the complications of sickle cell retinopathy by observation or pars plana vitrectomy. Eye (Lond). 2009;23(6):1314–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Leen JS, Ratnakaram R, Del Priore LV, Bhagat N, Zarbin MA. Anterior segment ischemia after vitrectomy in sickle cell disease. Retina. 2002;22(2):216–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Moshiri A, Ha NK, Ko FS, Scott AW. Bevacizumab presurgical treatment for proliferative sickle-cell retinopathy-related retinal detachment. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2013;7(3):204–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Siqueira RC, Costa RA, Scott IU, Cintra LP, Jorge R. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection associated with regression of retinal neovascularization caused by sickle cell retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2006;84(6):834–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Babalola OE. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) associated with secondary hyphaema in a case of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. BMJ Case Rep. 2010;2010. pii: bcr1120092441.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Liem RI, Calamaras DM, Chhabra MS, Files B, Minniti CP, Thompson AA. Sudden-onset blindness in sickle cell disease due to retinal artery occlusion. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50(3):624–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Fine LC, Petrovic V, Irvine AR, Bhisitkul RB. Spontaneous central retinal artery occlusion in hemoglobin sickle cell disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;129(5):680–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Brown GC, Magargal LE, Shields JA, Goldberg RE, Walsh PN. Retinal arterial obstruction in children and young adults. Ophthalmology. 1981;88(1):18–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Goldbaum MH, Jampol LM, Goldberg MF. The disc sign in sickling hemoglobinopathies. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96(9):1597–600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Henry M, Driscoll MC, Miller M, Chang T, Minniti CP. Pseudotumor cerebri in children with sickle cell disease: a case series. Pediatrics. 2004;113(3 Pt 1):e265–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Nia J, Lam W-C, Kleinman DM, Kirby M, Liu ES, Eng KT. Retinopathy in sickle cell trait: does it exist? Can J Ophthalmol. 2003;38(1):46–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Mehta P. Ophthalmologic manifestations of leukemia. J Pediatr. 1979;95(1):156–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Kabakow B, van Weimokly SS, Lyons HA. Bilateral central retinal artery occlusion; occurrence in a patient with cortisone-treated systemic lupus erythematosus, sickle cell trait, and active pulmonary tuberculosis. AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 1955;54(5):670–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Friedman AH, Halpern BL, Friedberg DN, Wang FM, Podos SM. Transient open-angle glaucoma associated with sickle cell trait: report of 4 cases. Br J Ophthalmol. 1979;63(12):832–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Taban M, Sears JE, Crouch E, Schachat AP, Traboulsi EI. Acute idiopathic frosted branch angiitis. J AAPOS. 2007;11(3):286–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Lim LH, Scawn RL, Whipple KM, Oh SR, Lucarelli MJ, Korn BS, et al. Spontaneous superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis: a rare entity with potentially devastating consequences. Eye (Lond). 2014;28(3):348–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Wax MB, Ridley ME, Magargal LE. Reversal of retinal and optic disc ischemia in a patient with sickle cell trait and glaucoma secondary to traumatic hyphema. Ophthalmology. 1982;89(7):845–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Hedreville M, Connes P, Romana M, Magnaval G, David T, Hardy-Dessources M-D, et al. Central retinal vein occlusion in a sickle cell trait carrier after a cycling race. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):14–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Barry GP, Shields CL, Binenbaum G. Leukocoria and vitreous hemorrhage as the initial manifestation of sickle retinopathy in a 3-year, 6-month-old child with sickle trait (AS). J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2011;48:e58–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Jackson H, Bentley CR, Hingorani M, Atkinson P, Aclimandos WA, Thompson GM. Sickle retinopathy in patients with sickle trait. Eye (Lond). 1995;9(Pt 5):589–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Gill HS, Lam W-C. A screening strategy for the detection of sickle cell retinopathy in pediatric patients. Can J Ophthalmol. 2008;43(2):188–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Babalola OE, Wambebe CO. When should children and young adults with sickle cell disease be referred for eye assessment? Afr J Med Med Sci. 2001;30(4):261–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Ding X, Bishop RJ, Herzlich AA, Patel M, Chan C-C. Limbal stem cell deficiency arising from systemic chemotherapy with hydroxycarbamide. Cornea. 2009;28(2):221–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Ellies P, Anderson DF, Topuhami A, Tseng SC. Limbal stem cell deficiency arising from systemic chemotherapy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85(3):373–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Simon S, Athanasiov PA, Jain R, Raymond G, Gilhotra JS. Desferrioxamine-related ocular toxicity: a case report. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2012;60(4):315–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Baath JS, Lam W-C, Kirby M, Chun A. Deferoxamine-related ocular toxicity: incidence and outcome in a pediatric population. Retina. 2008;28(6):894–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Pan Y, Keane PA, Sadun AA, Fawzi AA. Optical coherence tomography findings in deferasirox-related maculopathy. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2010;4(3):229–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Walia HS, Yan J. Reversible retinopathy associated with oral deferasirox therapy. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-009205.

  117. Al-Rashid RA. Massive sequestration crisis in sickle cell disease following ocular evisceration. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1979;16(3):186–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Gibson GG. Clinical significance of the retinal changes in leukemia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1938;20:364–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Reis LAG, Smith MA, Gurney JG, Linet M, Tamra T, Young JL, et al., editors. Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975–1995. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute, SEER Program; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Margolin JF, Rabin KR, Poplack DG. Leukemias and lymphomas of childhood. In: DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA, editors. DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s Cancer: principles & practice of oncology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. p. 1793–805.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Poplack DG, Kun LE, Cassady JR, Pizzo PA. Leukemias and lymphomas of childhood. In: DeVita VT, Rosenberg SA, Hellman S, editors. Cancer: principles & practice of oncology. 3rd ed. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer Health; 1989. p. 1671–95.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Bloch RS. Duane’s clinical ophthalmology. In: Tansman W, editor. Revised ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Holt JM, Gordon-Smith EC. Retinal abnormalities in diseases of the blood. Br J Ophthalmol. 1969;53(3):145–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Ridgway EW, Jaffe N, Walton DS. Leukemic ophthalmopathy in children. Cancer. 1976;38(4):1744–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Miller NR, Walsh FB, Hoyt WF. Walsh and Hoyt’s clinical neuro-ophthalmology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Hakami N, Monzon CM. Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in children. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1987;1(4):567–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Steinherz PG. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1987;1(4):549–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Juttner CA. Changing concepts in the management of leukaemia. Med J Aust. 1989;151(1):43–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. de Mendonca Queiroz C, de Souza CP, Martins-Filho PRS, Viana SS, Leal BC, Cipolotti R. Steroid-induced ocular hypertensive response in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014;61(11):2083–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Kincaid MC, Green WR. Ocular and orbital involvement in leukemia. Surv Ophthalmol. 1983;27(4):211–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Costa KMAH, Almeida JB de, Felix RH de M, Silva Junior MFD. Pseudotumor cerebri associated with cyclosporin use following renal transplantation. J Bras Nefrol. 2010;32(1):136–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Shalchi Z, Taylor SRJ, Lightman S. The eye in haematological disease. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2011;72(12):691–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Guthoff T, Tietze B, Meinhardt B, Becher J, Guthoff R. Cytosine-arabinoside-induced keratopathy: a model of corneal proliferation kinetics. Ophthalmologica. 2010;224(5):308–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Coskuncan NM, Jabs DA, Dunn JP, Haller JA, Green WR, Vogelsang GB, et al. The eye in bone marrow transplantation. VI. Retinal complications. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112(3):372–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Fahnehjelm KT, Tornquist A-L, Winiarski J. Dry-eye syndrome after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation in children. Acta Ophthalmol. 2008;86(3):253–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Nassiri N, Eslani M, Panahi N, Mehravaran S, Ziaei A, Djalilian AR. Ocular graft versus host disease following allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a review of current knowledge and recommendations. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2013;8(4):351–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  137. Shaw RK, Moore EW, Freireich EJ, Thomas LB. Meningeal leukemia. Neurology. 1960;10:823–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Porter EA. Acute leukaemia presenting with papilloedema: case report. N Z Med J. 1970;71(454):138–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Pole JG. Childhood leukaemia presenting in the central nervous system. Arch Dis Child. 1973;48(11):867–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Abbassioum K. Headaches, vomiting and diplopia in a 16-year-old boy. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1979;18(3):191–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Al-Rashid RA. Papilledema and ataxia as initial manifestation of acute lymphocytic leukemia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1971;8(1):29–30.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Imperia PS, Lazarus HM, Lass JH. Ocular complications of systemic cancer chemotherapy. Surv Ophthalmol. 1989;34(3):209–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Poplack DG. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 1989. p. 323–66.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Pui C-H. Central nervous system disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prophylaxis and treatment. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. American Society of Hematology. 2006;2006(1):142–6.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Allen RA, Straatsma BR. Ocular involvement in leukemia and allied disorders. Arch Ophthalmol. 1961;66:490–508.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Kincaid MC, Green WR, Kelley JS. Acute ocular leukemia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1979;87(5):698–702.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Leonardy NJ, Rupani M, Dent G, Klintworth GK. Analysis of 135 autopsy eyes for ocular involvement in leukemia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;109(4):436–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Robb RM, Ervin LD, Sallan SE. An autopsy study of eye involvement in acute leukemia of childhood. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1979;6(2):171–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Schachat AP, Markowitz JA, Guyer DR, Burke PJ, Karp JE, Graham ML. Ophthalmic manifestations of leukemia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107(5):697–700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Reddy SC, Menon BS. A prospective study of ocular manifestations in childhood acute leukaemia. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1998;76(6):700–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Rosenthal AR. Ocular manifestations of leukemia. A review. Ophthalmology. 1983;90(8):899–905.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Ohkoshi K, Tsiaras WG. Prognostic importance of ophthalmic manifestations in childhood leukaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76(11):651–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Somervaille TCP, Hann IM, Harrison G, Eden TOB, Gibson BE, Hill FG, et al. Intraocular relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2003;121(2):280–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Mortada A. Bilateral exophthalmos and lymphoblastic aleukaemic leukaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1968;52(1):68–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Mortada A. Orbital lymphoblastomas and acute leukemias in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;55(2):327–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Cavdar AO, Gozdasoglu S, Arcasoy A, Demirag B. Chlorama-like ocular manifestations in Turkish children with acute myelomonocytic leukaemia. Lancet. 1971;1(7701):680–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Cavdar AO, Babacan E, Gozdasoglu S, Kilicturgay K, Arcasoy A, Cin S, et al. High risk subgroup of acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) with orbito-ocular granulocytic sarcoma (OOGS) in Turkish children. Retrospective analysis of clinical, hematological, ultrastructural and therapeutical findings of thirty-three OOGS. Acta Haematol. 1989;81(2):80–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Bidar M, Wilson MW, Laquis SJ, Wilson TD, Fleming JC, Wesley RE, et al. Clinical and imaging characteristics of orbital leukemic tumors. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;23(2):87–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Aggarwal E, Mulay K, Honavar SG. Orbital extra-medullary granulocytic sarcoma: clinicopathologic correlation with immunohistochemical features. Surv Ophthalmol. 2014;59(2):232–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Kiratli H, Balci KE, Himmetoglu C, Uner A. Isolated extraocular muscle involvement as the ophthalmic manifestation of leukaemia. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2009;37(6):609–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Davis JL, Parke DW2, Font RL. Granulocytic sarcoma of the orbit. A clinicopathologic study. Ophthalmology. 1985;92(12):1758–62.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Margo CE. Special histochemical stains in ocular pathology: agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with leukemic transformation. Surv Ophthalmol. 1986;31(2):131–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Zimmerman LE, Font RL. Ophthalmologic manifestations of granulocytic sarcoma (myeloid sarcoma or chloroma). The third Pan American Association of Ophthalmology and American Journal of Ophthalmology Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol. 1975;80(6):975–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Rubinfeld RS, Gootenberg JE, Chavis RM, Zimmerman LE. Early onset acute orbital involvement in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Ophthalmology. 1988;95(1):116–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. McCarty ML, Wilson MW, Fleming JC, Thompson JW, Sandlund JT, Flynn PM, et al. Manifestations of fungal cellulitis of the orbit in children with neutropenia and fever. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;20(3):217–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Crawford JS. Disease of the orbit. The eye in childhood. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1967. p. 331.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Porterfield JF. Orbital tumors in children: a report on 214 cases. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1962;2(2):319–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. Liu PI, Ishimaru T, McGregor DH, Okada H, Steer A. Autopsy study of granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) in patients with myelogenous leukemia, Hiroshima-Nagasaki 1949–1969. Cancer. 1973;31(4):948–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Krause JR. Granulocytic sarcoma preceding acute leukemia: a report of six cases. Cancer. 1979;44(3):1017–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Mason TE, Demaree RSJ, Margolis CI. Granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma), two years preceding myelogenous leukemia. Cancer. 1973;31(2):423–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Takaue Y, Culbert SJ, van Eys J, Dalton WT, Cork A, Trujillo JM. Spontaneous cure of end-stage acute nonlymphocytic leukemia complicated with chloroma (granulocytic sarcoma). Cancer. 1986;58(5):1101–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Duke-Elder S. Text-book of ophthalmology. IN: Duke-Elder S, editor. London: Kimpton; 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Stokes WH. Dacryocystitis in lymphatic leukemia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1938;20:85–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. Cant JS. Dacryocystitis in acute leukaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1963;47:57–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  175. Reddy SC, Jackson N, Menon BS. Ocular involvement in leukemia—a study of 288 cases. Ophthalmologica. 2003;217(6):441–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Russo V, Scott IU, Querques G, Stella A, Barone A, Delle Noci N. Orbital and ocular manifestations of acute childhood leukemia: clinical and statistical analysis of 180 patients. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2008;18(4):619–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. O’Rourke JF, O’Connor GR. Unusual ocular involvement in acute lymphatic leukemia. AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 1957;57(4):585–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Mansour AM, Traboulsi EI, Frangieh GT, Jarudi N. Caruncular involvement in myelomonocytic leukemia: a case report. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1985;13(1):46–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Lee DA, Su WP. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia cutis presenting as a conjunctival lesion. Int J Dermatol. 1985;24(6):369–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Font RL, Mackay B, Tang R. Acute monocytic leukemia recurring as bilateral perilimbal infiltrates. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural confirmation. Ophthalmology. 1985;92(12):1681–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Curto Lo M, D’Angelo P, Lumia F, Provenzano G, Zingone A, Bachelot C, et al. Leukemic ophthalmopathy: a report of 21 pediatric cases. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1994;23(1):8–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  182. Bhadresa GN. Changes in the anterior segment as a presenting feature in leukaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1971;55(2):133–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  183. Wood WJ, Nicholson DH. Corneal ring ulcer as the presenting manifestation of acute monocytic leukemia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1973;76(1):69–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Eiferman RA, Levartovsky S, Schulz JC. Leukemic corneal infiltrates. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988;105(3):319–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Sharma T, Grewal J, Gupta S, Murray PI. Ophthalmic manifestations of acute leukaemias: the ophthalmologist’s role. Eye (Lond). 2004;18(7):663–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Ells A, Clarke WN, Noel LP. Pseudohypopyon in acute myelogeneous leukemia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1995;32(2):123–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Ayliffe W, Foster CS, Marcoux P, Upton M, Finkelstein M, Kuperwaser M, et al. Relapsing acute myeloid leukemia manifesting as hypopyon uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119(3):361–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Schachat AP, Jabs DA, Graham ML, Ambinder RF, Green WR, Saral R. Leukemic iris infiltration. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1988;25(3):135–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Fonken HA, Ellis PP. Leukemic infiltrates in the iris. Successful treatment of secondary glaucoma with x-irradiation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1966;76(1):32–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Novakovic P, Kellie SJ, Taylor D. Childhood leukaemia: relapse in the anterior segment of the eye. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73(5):354–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  191. Tabbara KF, Beckstead JH. Acute promonocytic leukemia with ocular involvement. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98(6):1055–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Behrendt H, Wenniger-Prick LM. Leukemic iris infiltration as the only site of relapse in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: temporary remission with high-dose chemotherapy. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1985;13(6):352–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Jankovic M, Masera G, Uderzo C, Cattoretti G, Conter V, Ceppellini C, et al. Recurrences of isolated leukemic hypopyon in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 1986;57(2):380–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Bunin N, Rivera G, Goode F, Hustu HO. Ocular relapse in the anterior chamber in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5(2):299–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Holbrook CT, Elsas FJ, Crist WM, Castleberry RP. Acute leukemia and hypopyon. J Pediatr. 1978;93(4):626–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Masera G, Carnelli V, Uderzo C, Toselli C, Lasagni F, Lambertenghi E. Leukaemic hypopyon in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after interruption of treatment. Arch Dis Child. 1979;54(1):73–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  197. Lin HP, Chandran S, Tan MK, Sinniah D. Hypopyon—an early sign of leukaemic relapse. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1980;8(1):97–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Abramson DH, Wachtel A, Watson CW, Jereb B, Wollner N. Leukemic hypopyon. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1981;18(3):42–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Smith WS, Burke MJ, Wong KY. Hypopyon in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1984;12(4):258–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Decker EB, Burnstine RA. Leukemic relapse presenting as acute unilateral hypopyon in acute lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Ophthalmol. 1993;25(9):346–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Badeeb O, Anwar M, Farwan K, Tashkandi I, Omar A, Marzouki A. Leukemic infiltrate versus anterior uveitis. Ann Ophthalmol. 1992;24(8):295–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Kearney WF. Leukemic hypopyon; a report of two cases. Am J Ophthalmol. 1965;59:495–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Hinzpeter EN, Knobel H, Freund J. Spontaneous haemophthalmus in leukaemia. Ophthalmologica. 1978;177(4):224–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Deitch RD, Wilson FM. Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis with presenting ocular complaints. Report of a case. Arch Ophthalmol. 1963;69:560–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Rowan PJ, Sloan JB. Iris and anterior chamber involvement in leukemia. Ann Ophthalmol. 1976;8(9):1081–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Perry HD, Mallen FJ. Iris involvement in granulocytic sarcoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1979;87(4):530–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Bremner MH, Wright J. Ocular leukaemia in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of childhood. Aust J Ophthalmol. 1982;10(4):255–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Ninane J, Taylor D, Day S. The eye as a sanctuary in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet. 1980;1(8166):452–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Britt JM, Karr DJ, Kalina RE. Leukemic iris infiltration in recurrent acute lymphocytic leukemia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109(10):1456–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Mark LE, Rouhani J, Sawitsky A. Leukemic iris infiltration in a case of meningeal leukemia. Ann Ophthalmol. 1974;6(7):669–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Johnston SS, Ware CF. Iris involvement in leukaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1973;57(5):320–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  212. Glaser B, Smith JL. Leukaemic glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1966;50(2):92–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  213. Wolintz AH, Goldstein JH, Seligman BR, Rosner F, Wesely AC, Lee SL. Secondary glaucoma in leukemia. Ann Ophthalmol. 1971;3(11):1211–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Kozlowski IM, Hirose T, Jalkh AE. Massive subretinal hemorrhage with acute angle-closure glaucoma in chronic myelocytic leukemia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103(6):837–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Shields CL, Shields JA, Shields MB, Augsburger JJ. Prevalence and mechanisms of secondary intraocular pressure elevation in eyes with intraocular tumors. Ophthalmology. 1987;94(7):839–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Michelson PE, Stark W, Reeser F, Green WR. Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Report of 13 cases and 16 from the literature. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1971;11(3):125–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Al-Rashid RA, Cress C. Mumps uveitis complicating the course of acute leukemia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1977;14(2):100–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Burt WL. The eye in systemic disease. In: Gold DH, Weingeist TA, editors. Juvenile xanthogranuloma. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1990. p. 710.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Zakka KA, Yee RD, Shorr N, Smith GS, Pettit TH, Foos RY. Leukemic iris infiltration. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;89(2):204–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Rootman J, Gudauskas G. Treatment of ocular leukemia with local chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Rep. 1985;69(1):119–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Birinci H, Albayrak D, Oge I, Kaman A. Ocular involvement in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2001;38(4):242–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Enzenauer RW, Calderwood S, Levin AV, Elder JE, Morin JD. Screening for fungal endophthalmitis in children at risk. Pediatrics. 1992;90(3):451–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. De Juan E, Green WR, Rice TA, Erozan YS. Optic disc neovascularization associated with ocular involvement in acute lymphocytic leukemia. Retina. 1982;2(2):61–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Duke-Elder S. System of ophthalmology. London: Kimpton; 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Ballantyne AJ, Michaelson IC. Textbook of the fundus of the eye. 2nd ed. Livingstone: E & S; 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Karesh JW, Goldman EJ, Reck K, Kelman SE, Lee EJ, Schiffer CA. A prospective ophthalmic evaluation of patients with acute myeloid leukemia: correlation of ocular and hematologic findings. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7(10):1528–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Culler AM. Fundus changes in leukemia. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1951;49:445–73.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  228. Duane TD, Osher RH, Green WR. White centered hemorrhages: their significance. Ophthalmology. 1980;87(1):66–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Mahneke A, Videbaek A. On changes in the optic fundus in leukaemia. Aetiology, diagnostic and prognostic role. Acta Ophthalmol. 1964;42:201–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Guyer DR, Schachat AP, Vitale S, Markowitz JA, Braine H, Burke PJ, et al. Leukemic retinopathy. Relationship between fundus lesions and hematologic parameters at diagnosis. Ophthalmology. 1989;96(6):860–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Foulds WS. 50th Bowman lecture. “Blood is thicker than water.” Some haemorheological aspects of ocular disease. Eye (Lond). 1987;1(Pt 3):343–63.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Marshall RA. A review of lesions in the optic fundus in various diseases of the blood. Blood. 1959;14(7):882–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Kuwabara T. Leukemic Miliary Nodules in the Retina. Arch Ophthalmol. 1964;72:494–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Primack JD, Smith ME, Tychsen L. Retinal detachment in a child as the first sign of leukemic relapse: histopathology, MRI findings, treatment, and tumor-free follow up. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1995;32(4):253–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Morse PH, McCready JL. Peripheral retinal neovascularization in chronic myelocytic leukemia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971;72(5):975–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Frank RN, Ryan SJ. Peripheral retinal neovascularization with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1972;87(5):585–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Little HL. The role of abnormal hemorrheodynamics in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1976;74:573–636.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  238. Duke JR, Wilkinson CP, Sigelman S. Retinal microaneurysms in leukaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1968;52(5):368–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  239. Zimmerman LE, Thoreson HT. Sudden loss of vision in acute leukemia. A clinicopathologic report of two unusual cases. Surv Ophthalmol. 1964;9:467–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Burns CA. Juvenile xanthogranuloma. In: Gold DH, Weingeist TA, editors. The eye in systemic disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Newman NM, Smith ME, Gay AJ. An unusual case of leukemia involving the eye: a clinico-pathological study. Surv Ophthalmol. 1972;16(5):316–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Hine JE, Kingham JD. Myelogenous leukemia and bilateral exudative retinal detachment. Ann Ophthalmol. 1979;11(12):1867–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Walter G, Ausserer B. Retinopathia centralis serosa—initial symptom of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1985;187(5):441–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Tang RA, Vila-Coro AA, Wall S, Frankel LS. Case report. Acute leukemia presenting as a retinal pigment epithelium detachment. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106(1):21–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Stewart MW, Gitter KA, Cohen G. Acute leukemia presenting as a unilateral exudative retinal detachment. Retina. 1989;9(2):110–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Abramson DH, Jereb B, Wollner N, Murphy L, Ellsworth RM. Leukemic ophthalmopathy detected by ultrasound. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1983;20(3):92–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Hoover DL, Smith LE, Turner SJ, Gelber RD, Sallan SE. Ophthalmic evaluation of survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Ophthalmology. 1988;95(2):151–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Clayman HM, Flynn JT, Koch K, Israel C. Retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities in leukemic disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1972;74(3):416–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Jakobiec FA, Silbert G. Are most iris “melanomas” really nevi? A clinicopathologic study of 189 lesions. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99(12):2117–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Inkeles DM, Friedman AH. Retinal pigment epithelial degeneration, partial retinal atrophy and macular hole in acute lymphocytic leukemia. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1975;194(4 Suppl):253–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Verbraak FD, van den Berg W, Bos PJ. Retinal pigment epitheliopathy in acute leukemia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111(1):111–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Schmiegelow K, Scherfig E, Prause JU, Jensen OA. Isolated leukemic choroidal relapse in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia one year off therapy, diagnosed through transvitreal retino-choroidal biopsy. Acta Ophthalmol. 1988;66(1):33–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Taylor D, Day S, Tiedemann K, Chessels J, Marshall WC, Constable IJ. Chorioretinal biopsy in a patient with leukaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981;65(7):489–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  254. Gordon KB, Rugo HS, Duncan JL, Irvine AR, Howes EL, O’Brien JM, et al. Ocular manifestations of leukemia: leukemic infiltration versus infectious process. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(12):2293–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Graham DA, Kinyoun JL, George DP. Endogenous aspergillus endophthalmitis after lung transplantation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119(1):107–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Allen S, Wilson MW, Watkins A, Billups C, Qaddoumi I, Haik BG, et al. Comparison of two methods for carboplatin dosing in children with retinoblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55(1):47–54.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  257. Rytlewska M, Kubiczek K, Zygulska-Mach H, Starzycka M, Tredowska D. Local application of 60Co in the treatment of leukemic infiltration of the eye. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1987;9(4):341–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Ortiz JM, Ruiz-Moreno JM, Pozo-Martos P, Montero JA. Visual acuity loss and OCT changes as initial signs of leukaemia. Int J Ophthalmol. 2010;3(3):281–2.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  259. Blodi FC. The difficult diagnosis of choroidal melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1963;69:253–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Ryan SJ, Zimmerman LE, King FM. Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. An unusual form of intraocular pseudotumor. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1972;76(3):652–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Ellis W, Little HL. Leukemic infiltration of the optic nerve head. Am J Ophthalmol. 1973;75(5):867–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. de Fatima Soares M, Braga FT, da Rocha AJ, Lederman HM. Optic nerve infiltration by acute lymphoblastic leukemia: MRI contribution. Pediatr Radiol. 2005;35(8):799–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Rosenthal AR, Egbert PR, Wilbur JR, Probert JC. Leukemic involvement of the optic nerve. J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1975;12(2):84–93.

    Google Scholar 

  264. Brown GC, Shields JA, Augsburger JJ, Serota FT, Koch P. Leukemic optic neuropathy. Int Ophthalmol. 1981;3(2):111–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Murray KH, Paolino F, Goldman JM, Galton DA, Grindle CF. Ocular involvement in leukaemia. Report of three cases. Lancet. 1977;1(8016):829–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Nitschke R, Balyeat HD, Taylor T. Leukemic optic nerve infiltration 17 months after cessation of therapy. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1981;3(1):17–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Schwartz CL, Miller NR, Wharam MD, Leventhal BG. The optic nerve as the site of initial relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 1989;63(8):1616–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Nikaido H, Mishima H, Ono H, Choshi K, Dohy H. Leukemic involvement of the optic nerve. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988;105(3):294–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Kaikov Y. Optic nerve head infiltration in acute leukemia in children: an indication for emergency optic nerve radiation therapy. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1996;26(2):101–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Reinoso R, Carreno E, Hileeto D, Corell A, Pastor JC, Cabrero M, et al. Fatal disseminated Scedosporium prolificans infection initiated by ophthalmic involvement in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;76(3):375–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Phillips WB, Shields CL, Shields JA, Eagle RC, Masciulli L, Yarian DL. Nocardia choroidal abscess. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76(11):694–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 470, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA

    Mary Ellen Hoehn M.D.

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia

    James E. Elder MBBS, FRANZCO, FRACS

  3. Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA

    Jeremie Heath Estepp M.D.

Authors
  1. Mary Ellen Hoehn M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James E. Elder MBBS, FRANZCO, FRACS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jeremie Heath Estepp M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mary Ellen Hoehn M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Alex V. Levin

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine Children’s Hospital Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA

    Robert W. Enzenauer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hoehn, M.E., Elder, J.E., Estepp, J.H. (2017). Hematologic Disorders of the Eye. In: Levin, A., Enzenauer, R. (eds) The Eye in Pediatric Systemic Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18389-3_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18389-3_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-18388-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-18389-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation