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Living Healthier and Longer: A Life Course Perspective on Education and Health

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Handbook of the Life Course

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

Decades of research documents a strong and enduring relationship between educational attainment and health and longevity. Our chapter begins by briefly reviewing the theoretical explanations for this important social fact and highlighting key ways in which the life course perspective has fundamentally shaped the research questions and debates in the area. From there we outline three directions in which we argue further application of the life course perspective would benefit our understanding: (1) merging selection and causal effect processes into a long-term, multigenerational view; (2) linking health across the years in which people largely achieve their educations, and the short-term processes involved, with longer-term processes and mid- to late-life health outcomes; and (3) assessing historical trends in the mediating mechanisms and their implications for health disparities.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Some scholars suggest that health disparities widened even in the face of major public health improvements; others describe initial declines in disparities before widening disparities over the latter half of the Twentieth Century. For example, Mirowsky and Ross (2003) argue that disparities widened even with public health improvements early in the century. Lynch (2003) claims public health improvements disproportionately benefited those of higher socioeconomic status, consistent with this view. Schnittker (2004), focusing on income disparities, argues disparities were reduced as people shared broadly in the benefits of the public health infrastructure improvements, but widened as later advances in knowledge and technology required more effort and choice on the part of individuals to improve health. Masters et al. (2012) also describes a narrowing at midcentury followed by widening gap thereafter.

  2. 2.

    College enrollment in the United States is currently at an all-time high (20.6 million students) and is expected to increase 14 % by 2019 (Snyder and Dillow 2012).

  3. 3.

    At each wave, respondents were asked, “Overall, relative to people your age, do you think your physical health over the past year has been…” (responses range on a five-point scale from “much poorer than average” to “much better than average”). For the purposes of these analyses, this outcome was dichotomized (1 = somewhat or much better than average). These findings are based upon a subsample of 11,441 MTF respondents who completed surveys from ages 19 to 28 (encompassing 38,231 person waves).

  4. 4.

    Estimate = 0.039; Robust standard error = 0.029; Odds ratio = 1.039; p = 0.191.

  5. 5.

    Estimate = 0.203; Robust standard error = 0.041; Odds ratio = 1.225; p = 0.001.

  6. 6.

    Estimate = 0.069; Robust standard error = 0.048; Odds ration = 1.071; p = 0.152.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA

    Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson

  2. The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA

    Jeremy Staff

  3. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    John E. Schulenberg & Megan E. Patrick

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  1. Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson
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Correspondence to Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Michael J. Shanahan

  2. Life Course Center and Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    Jeylan T. Mortimer

  3. Department of Sociology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA

    Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson

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Kirkpatrick Johnson, M., Staff, J., Schulenberg, J.E., Patrick, M.E. (2016). Living Healthier and Longer: A Life Course Perspective on Education and Health. In: Shanahan, M., Mortimer, J., Kirkpatrick Johnson, M. (eds) Handbook of the Life Course. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20880-0_17

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