Skip to main content

SCFA Producing Gut Microbiota and its Effects on the Epigenetic Regulation of Inflammation

  • Chapter
Beneficial Microorganisms in Medical and Health Applications

Part of the book series: Microbiology Monographs ((MICROMONO,volume 28))

Abstract

Complex carbohydrates are microbial fermented by saccharolytic bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract, resulting in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are considered to affect inflammation and chronic diseases. SCFA-producing bacteria are the link between microbiota functions and epigenetic regulation of inflammatory mechanisms, markers, and personalized preventive healthcare. Even minor changes in single bacterial strains have been shown to affect health or disease, depending on a complex cascade of regulatory immune responses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Barres R, Yan J, Egan B, Treebak JT, Rasmussen M, Fritz T, Caidahl K, Krook A, O’Gorman DJ, Zierath JR (2012) Acute exercise remodels promoter methylation in human skeletal muscle. Cell Metab 15:405–411

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biagi E, Nylund L, Candela M, Ostan R, Bucci L, Pini E, Nikkila J, Monti D, Satokari R, Franceschi C, Brigidi P, De Vos W (2010) Through ageing, and beyond: gut microbiota and inflammatory status in seniors and centenarians. PLoS One 5, e10667

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biagi E, Candela M, Turroni S, Garagnani P, Franceschi C, Brigidi P (2013) Ageing and gut microbes: perspectives for health maintenance and longevity. Pharmacol Res 69:11–20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown AJ, Goldsworthy SM, Barnes AA, Eilert MM, Tcheang L, Daniels D, Muir AI, Wigglesworth MJ, Kinghorn I, Fraser NJ, Pike NB, Strum JC, Steplewski KM, Murdock PR, Holder JC, Marshall FH, Szekeres PG, Wilson S, Ignar DM, Foord SM, Wise A, Dowell SJ (2003) The Orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids. J Biol Chem 278:11312–11319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caesar R, Fak F, Backhed F (2010) Effects of gut microbiota on obesity and atherosclerosis via modulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism. J Intern Med 268:320–328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cani PD, Delzenne NM (2009) The role of the gut microbiota in energy metabolism and metabolic disease. Curr Pharm Des 15:1546–1558

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cani PD, Delzenne NM (2011) Benefits of bariatric surgery: an issue of microbial-host metabolism interactions? Gut 60:1166–1167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cani PD, Bibiloni R, Knauf C, Waget A, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM, Burcelin R (2008) Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes 57:1470–1481

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caricilli AM, Nascimento PH, Pauli JR, Tsukumo DM, Velloso LA, Carvalheira JB, Saad MJ (2008) Inhibition of toll-like receptor 2 expression improves insulin sensitivity and signaling in muscle and white adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fat diet. J Endocrinol 199:399–406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cevenini E, Monti D, Franceschi C (2013) Inflamm-ageing. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 16:14–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng J, Palva AM, de Vos WM, Satokari R (2013) Contribution of the intestinal microbiota to human health: from birth to 100 years of age. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 358:323–346

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claesson MJ, Jeffery IB, Conde S, Power SE, O'connor EM, Cusack S, Harris HM, Coakley M, Lakshminarayanan B, O’Sullivan O, Fitzgerald GF, Deane J, O’Connor M, Harnedy N, O’Connor K, O’Mahony D, van Sinderen D, Wallace M, Brennan L, Stanton C, Marchesi JR, Fitzgerald AP, Shanahan F, Hill C, Ross RP, O’Toole PW (2012) Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly. Nature 488:178–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creely SJ, McTernan PG, Kusminski CM, Fisher FM, Da Silva NF, Khanolkar M, Evans M, Harte AL, Kumar S (2007) Lipopolysaccharide activates an innate immune system response in human adipose tissue in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 292:E740–E747

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE, Ling AV, Devlin AS, Varma Y, Fischbach MA, Biddinger SB, Dutton RJ, Turnbaugh PJ (2014) Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 505:559–563

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diamant M, Blaak EE, De Vos WM (2011) Do nutrient-gut-microbiota interactions play a role in human obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes? Obes Rev 12:272–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dick KJ, Nelson CP, Tsaprouni L, Sandling JK, Aissi D, Wahl S, Meduri E, Morange PE, Gagnon F, Grallert H, Waldenberger M, Peters A, Erdmann J, Hengstenberg C, Cambien F, Goodall AH, Ouwehand WH, Schunkert H, Thompson JR, Spector TD, Gieger C, Tregouet DA, Deloukas P, Samani NJ (2014) DNA methylation and body-mass index: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet 383:1990–1998

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dinarello CA (2009) Immunological and inflammatory functions of the interleukin-1 family. Annu Rev Immunol 27:519–550

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan SH, Hold GL, Harmsen HJ, Stewart CS, Flint HJ (2002) Growth requirements and fermentation products of Fusobacterium prausnitzii, and a proposal to reclassify it as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii gen. nov., comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:2141–2146

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faith JJ, Mcnulty NP, Rey FE, Gordon JI (2011) Predicting a human gut microbiota's response to diet in gnotobiotic mice. Science 333:101–104

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Favier CF, Vaughan EE, De Vos WM, Akkermans AD (2002) Molecular monitoring of succession of bacterial communities in human neonates. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:219–226

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg AP, Irizarry RA, Fradin D, Aryee MJ, Murakami P, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Harris TB, Launer L, Gudnason V, Fallin MD (2010) Personalized epigenomic signatures that are stable over time and covary with body mass index. Sci Transl Med 2:49ra67

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flint HJ, Bayer EA, Rincon MT, Lamed R, White BA (2008) Polysaccharide utilization by gut bacteria: potential for new insights from genomic analysis. Nat Rev Microbiol 6:121–131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franceschi C, Bonafe M, Valensin S, Olivieri F, De Luca M, Ottaviani E, De Benedictis G (2000) Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 908:244–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furet JP, Kong LC, Tap J, Poitou C, Basdevant A, Bouillot JL, Mariat D, Corthier G, Dore J, Henegar C, Rizkalla S, Clement K (2010) Differential adaptation of human gut microbiota to bariatric surgery-induced weight loss: links with metabolic and low-grade inflammation markers. Diabetes 59:3049–3057

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furusawa Y, Obata Y, Fukuda S, Endo TA, Nakato G, Takahashi D, Nakanishi Y, Uetake C, Kato K, Kato T, Takahashi M, Fukuda NN, Murakami S, Miyauchi E, Hino S, Atarashi K, Onawa S, Fujimura Y, Lockett T, Clarke JM, Topping DL, Tomita M, Hori S, Ohara O, Morita T, Koseki H, Kikuchi J, Honda K, Hase K, Ohno H (2013) Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature 504:446–450

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furuta T, Shuto T, Shimasaki S, Ohira Y, Suico MA, Gruenert DC, Kai H (2008) DNA demethylation-dependent enhancement of toll-like receptor-2 gene expression in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells involves SP1-activated transcription. BMC Mol Biol 9:39

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerritsen J, Smidt H, Rijkers GT, De Vos WM (2011) Intestinal microbiota in human health and disease: the impact of probiotics. Genes Nutr 6:209–240

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haehnel V, Schwarzfischer L, Fenton MJ, Rehli M (2002) Transcriptional regulation of the human toll-like receptor 2 gene in monocytes and macrophages. J Immunol 168:5629–5637

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer HM, Jonkers D, Venema K, Vanhoutvin S, Troost FJ, Brummer RJ (2008) Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 27:104–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman J, Frishman WH (2014) Inflammation and atherosclerosis: a review of the role of interleukin-6 in the development of atherosclerosis and the potential for targeted drug therapy. Cardiol Rev 22(3):147–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Himes RW, Smith CW (2010) Tlr2 is critical for diet-induced metabolic syndrome in a murine model. FASEB J 24:731–739

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hippe B, Zwielehner J, Liszt K, Lassl C, Unger F, Haslberger AG (2011) Quantification of butyryl CoA: acetate CoA-transferase genes reveals different butyrate production capacity in individuals according to diet and age. FEMS Microbiol Lett 316:130–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jalanka-Tuovinen J, Salonen A, Nikkila J, Immonen O, Kekkonen R, Lahti L, Palva A, De Vos WM (2011) Intestinal microbiota in healthy adults: temporal analysis reveals individual and common core and relation to intestinal symptoms. PLoS One 6, e23035

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jost T, Lacroix C, Braegger C, Chassard C (2014) Stability of the maternal gut microbiota during late pregnancy and early lactation. Curr Microbiol 68:419–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joyce SA, Gahan CG (2014) The gut microbiota and the metabolic health of the host. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 30:120–127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang YS (2013) Obesity associated hypertension: new insights into mechanism. Electrolyte Blood Press 11:46–52

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson FH, Tremaroli V, Nookaew I, Bergstrom G, Behre CJ, Fagerberg B, Nielsen J, Backhed F (2013) Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control. Nature 498:99–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kellermayer R, Dowd SE, Harris RA, Balasa A, Schaible TD, Wolcott RD, Tatevian N, Szigeti R, Li Z, Versalovic J, Smith CW (2011) Colonic mucosal DNA methylation, immune response, and microbiome patterns in Toll-like receptor 2-knockout mice. FASEB J 25:1449–1460

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig JE, Spor A, Scalfone N, Fricker AD, Stombaugh J, Knight R, Angenent LT, Ley RE (2011) Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(Suppl 1):4578–4585

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurokawa K, Itoh T, Kuwahara T, Oshima K, Toh H, Toyoda A, Takami H, Morita H, Sharma VK, Srivastava TP, Taylor TD, Noguchi H, Mori H, Ogura Y, Ehrlich DS, Itoh K, Takagi T, Sakaki Y, Hayashi T, Hattori M (2007) Comparative metagenomics revealed commonly enriched gene sets in human gut microbiomes. DNA Res 14:169–181

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin J, Prifti E, Hildebrand F, Falony G, Almeida M, Arumugam M, Batto JM, Kennedy S, Leonard P, Li J, Burgdorf K, Grarup N, Jorgensen T, Brandslund I, Nielsen HB, Juncker AS, Bertalan M, Levenez F, Pons N, Rasmussen S, Sunagawa S, Tap J, Tims S, Zoetendal EG, Brunak S, Clement K, Dore J, Kleerebezem M, Kristiansen K, Renault P, Sicheritz-Ponten T, De Vos WM, Zucker JD, Raes J, Hansen T, Bork P, Wang J, Ehrlich SD, Pedersen O, Guedon E, Delorme C, Layec S, Khaci G, Van De Guchte M, Vandemeulebrouck G, Jamet A, Dervyn R, Sanchez N, Maguin E, Haimet F, Winogradski Y, Cultrone A, Leclerc M, Juste C, Blottiere H, Pelletier E, Lepaslier D, Artiguenave F, Bruls T, Weissenbach J, Turner K, Parkhill J, Antolin M, Manichanh C, Casellas F, Boruel N, Varela E, Torrejon A, Guarner F, Denariaz G, Derrien M, Van Hylckama Vlieg JE, Veiga P, Oozeer R, Knol J, Rescigno M, Brechot C, M’Rini C, Merieux A, Yamada T (2013) Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature 500:541–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee YK, Menezes JS, Umesaki Y, Mazmanian SK (2010) Proinflammatory T-cell responses to gut microbiota promote experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(Suppl 1):4615–4622

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li M, Wang M, Donovan SM (2014) Early development of the gut microbiome and immune-mediated childhood disorders. Semin Reprod Med 32:74–86

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin HV, Frassetto A, Kowalik EJ Jr, Nawrocki AR, Lu MM, Kosinski JR, Hubert JA, Szeto D, Yao X, Forrest G, Marsh DJ (2012) Butyrate and propionate protect against diet-induced obesity and regulate gut hormones via free fatty acid receptor 3-independent mechanisms. PLoS One 7, e35240

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Siles M, Khan TM, Duncan SH, Harmsen HJ, Garcia-Gil LJ, Flint HJ (2012) Cultured representatives of two major phylogroups of human colonic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii can utilize pectin, uronic acids, and host-derived substrates for growth. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:420–8

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis P, Flint HJ (2007) Development of a semiquantitative degenerate real-time pcr-based assay for estimation of numbers of butyryl-coenzyme A (CoA) CoA transferase genes in complex bacterial samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:2009–2012

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis P, Duncan SH, Mccrae SI, Millar J, Jackson MS, Flint HJ (2004) Restricted distribution of the butyrate kinase pathway among butyrate-producing bacteria from the human colon. J Bacteriol 186:2099–2106

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lozupone CA, Stombaugh JI, Gordon JI, Jansson JK, Knight R (2012) Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature 489:220–230

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macfarlane S, Macfarlane GT (2003) Regulation of short-chain fatty acid production. Proc Nutr Soc 62:67–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maslowski KM, Mackay CR (2011) Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses. Nat Immunol 12:5–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, Katz DR, Miles JM, Yudkin JS, Klein S, Coppack SW (1997) Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:4196–4200

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moleres A, Campion J, Milagro FI, Marcos A, Campoy C, Garagorri JM, Gomez-Martinez S, Martinez JA, Azcona-Sanjulian MC, Marti A, Group ES (2013) Differential DNA methylation patterns between high and low responders to a weight loss intervention in overweight or obese adolescents: the EVASYON study. FASEB J 27:2504–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monira S, Nakamura S, Gotoh K, Izutsu K, Watanabe H, Alam NH, Endtz HP, Cravioto A, Ali SI, Nakaya T, Horii T, Iida T, Alam M (2011) Gut microbiota of healthy and malnourished children in Bangladesh. Front Microbiol 2:228

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M (2010) Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota: the hygiene hypothesis expanded? Diabetes Care 33:2277–2284

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neish AS (2009) Microbes in gastrointestinal health and disease. Gastroenterology 136:65–80

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ottman N, Smidt H, De Vos WM, Belzer C (2012) The function of our microbiota: who is out there and what do they do? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2:104

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer C, Bik EM, Digiulio DB, Relman DA, Brown PO (2007) Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota. PLoS Biol 5, e177

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Payne AN, Chassard C, Zimmermann M, Muller P, Stinca S, Lacroix C (2011) The metabolic activity of gut microbiota in obese children is increased compared with normal-weight children and exhibits more exhaustive substrate utilization. Nutr Diabetes 1, e12

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, Nielsen T, Pons N, Levenez F, Yamada T, Mende DR, Li J, Xu J, Li S, Li D, Cao J, Wang B, Liang H, Zheng H, Xie Y, Tap J, Lepage P, Bertalan M, Batto JM, Hansen T, Le Paslier D, Linneberg A, Nielsen HB, Pelletier E, Renault P, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Turner K, Zhu H, Yu C, Jian M, Zhou Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Qin N, Yang H, Wang J, Brunak S, Dore J, Guarner F, Kristiansen K, Pedersen O, Parkhill J, Weissenbach J, Bork P, Ehrlich SD (2010) A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 464:59–65

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu X, Zhang M, Yang X, Hong N, Yu C (2013) Faecalibacterium prausnitzii upregulates regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines in treating TNBS-induced colitis. J Crohns Colitis 7:e558–e568

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Heilig HG, Tims S, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM (2013) Long-term monitoring of the human intestinal microbiota composition. Environ Microbiol 15(4):1146–1159. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rampelli S, Candela M, Turroni S, Biagi E, Collino S, Franceschi C, O’Toole PW, Brigidi P (2013) Functional metagenomic profiling of intestinal microbiome in extreme ageing. Aging (Albany NY) 5:902–912

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Remely M, Aumueller E, Merold C, Dworzak S, Hippe B, Zanner J, Pointner A, Brath H, Haslberger AG (2013) Effects of short chain fatty acid producing bacteria on epigenetic regulation of FFAR3 in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Gene 537:85–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberfroid MB (2005) Introducing inulin-type fructans. Br J Nutr 93(Suppl 1):S13–S25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ronn T, Volkov P, Davegardh C, Dayeh T, Hall E, Olsson AH, Nilsson E, Tornberg A, Dekker Nitert M, Eriksson KF, Jones HA, Groop L, Ling C (2013) A six months exercise intervention influences the genome-wide DNA methylation pattern in human adipose tissue. PLoS Genet 9, e1003572

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salonen A, Salojarvi J, Lahti L, De Vos WM (2012) The adult intestinal core microbiota is determined by analysis depth and health status. Clin Microbiol Infect 18(Suppl 4):16–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schroder K, Zhou R, Tschopp J (2010) The NLRP3 inflammasome: a sensor for metabolic danger? Science 327:296–300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz S, Friedberg I, Ivanov IV, Davidson LA, Goldsby JS, Dahl DB, Herman D, Wang M, Donovan SM, Chapkin RS (2012) A metagenomic study of diet-dependent interaction between gut microbiota and host in infants reveals differences in immune response. Genome Biol 13:r32

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott KP, Gratz SW, Sheridan PO, Flint HJ, Duncan SH (2013) The influence of diet on the gut microbiota. Pharmacol Res 69:52–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi H, Kokoeva MV, Inouye K, Tzameli I, Yin H, Flier JS (2006) TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 116:3015–3025

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB (2006) Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 116:1793–1801

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer F, Backhed F (2012) The gut microbiota--masters of host development and physiology. Nat Rev Microbiol 11:227–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soubry A, Schildkraut JM, Murtha A, Wang F, Huang Z, Bernal A, Kurtzberg J, Jirtle RL, Murphy SK, Hoyo C (2013) Paternal obesity is associated with IGF2 hypomethylation in newborns: results from a Newborn Epigenetics Study (NEST) cohort. BMC Med 11:29

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi K, Sugi Y, Hosono A, Kaminogawa S (2009) Epigenetic regulation of TLR4 gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. J Immunol 183:6522–6529

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi K, Sugi Y, Nakano K, Tsuda M, Kurihara K, Hosono A, Kaminogawa S (2011) Epigenetic control of the host gene by commensal bacteria in large intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 286:35755–35762

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan J, Mckenzie C, Potamitis M, Thorburn AN, Mackay CR, Macia L (2014) The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease. Adv Immunol 121:91–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorburn AN, Macia L, Mackay CR (2014) Diet, metabolites, and “western-lifestyle” inflammatory diseases. Immunity 40:833–842

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turnbaugh PJ, Gordon JI (2009) The core gut microbiome, energy balance and obesity. J Physiol 587:4153–4158

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R, Gordon JI (2007) The human microbiome project. Nature 449:804–810

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner JR (2006) Molecular basis of epithelial barrier regulation: from basic mechanisms to clinical application. Am J Pathol 169:1901–1909

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker AW, Ince J, Duncan SH, Webster LM, Holtrop G, Ze X, Brown D, Stares MD, Scott P, Bergerat A, Louis P, Mcintosh F, Johnstone AM, Lobley GE, Parkhill J, Flint HJ (2011) Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. ISME J 5:220–30

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang HB, Wang PY, Wang X, Wan YL, Liu YC (2012) Butyrate enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function via up-regulation of tight junction protein Claudin-1 transcription. Dig Dis Sci 57:3126–3135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong JM, De Souza R, Kendall CW, Emam A, Jenkins DJ (2006) Colonic health: fermentation and short chain fatty acids. J Clin Gastroenterol 40:235–243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wrzosek L, Miquel S, Noordine ML, Bouet S, Joncquel Chevalier-Curt M, Robert V, Philippe C, Bridonneau C, Cherbuy C, Robbe-Masselot C, Langella P, Thomas M (2013) Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii influence the production of mucus glycans and the development of goblet cells in the colonic epithelium of a gnotobiotic model rodent. BMC Biol 11:61

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Manolio TA, Pasquale LR, Boerwinkle E, Caporaso N, Cunningham JM, De Andrade M, Feenstra B, Feingold E, Hayes MG, Hill WG, Landi MT, Alonso A, Lettre G, Lin P, Ling H, Lowe W, Mathias RA, Melbye M, Pugh E, Cornelis MC, Weir BS, Goddard ME, Visscher PM (2011) Genome partitioning of genetic variation for complex traits using common SNPs. Nat Genet 43:519–25

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Baldassano RN, Anokhin AP, Heath AC, Warner B, Reeder J, Kuczynski J, Caporaso JG, Lozupone CA, Lauber C, Clemente JC, Knights D, Knight R, Gordon JI (2012) Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 486:222–227

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Y, Lee C, Kim J, Hwang S (2005) Group-specific primer and probe sets to detect methanogenic communities using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Biotechnol Bioeng 89(6):670–679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Dibaise JK, Zuccolo A, Kudrna D, Braidotti M, Yu Y, Parameswaran P, Crowell MD, Wing R, Rittmann BE, Krajmalnik-Brown R (2009) Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:2365–70

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zoetendal EG, De Vos WM (2014) Effect of diet on the intestinal microbiota and its activity. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 30:189–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zoetendal EG, Ben-Amor K, Akkermans AD, Abee T, De Vos WM (2001) DNA isolation protocols affect the detection limit of PCR approaches of bacteria in samples from the human gastrointestinal tract. Syst Appl Microbiol 24:405–410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zwielehner J, Liszt K, Handschur M, Lassl C, Lapin A, Haslberger AG (2009) Combined PCR-DGGE fingerprinting and quantitative-PCR indicates shifts in fecal population sizes and diversity of Bacteroides, bifidobacteria and Clostridium cluster IV in institutionalized elderly. Exp Gerontol 44:440–446

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexander G. Haslberger .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hippe, B., Remely, M., Aumueller, E., Pointner, A., Haslberger, A.G. (2015). SCFA Producing Gut Microbiota and its Effects on the Epigenetic Regulation of Inflammation. In: Liong, MT. (eds) Beneficial Microorganisms in Medical and Health Applications. Microbiology Monographs, vol 28. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23213-3_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics