Skip to main content

Age Friendliness, Childhood, and Dementia: Toward Generationally Intelligent Environments

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: International Perspectives on Aging ((Int. Perspect. Aging))

Abstract

This chapter is a conceptual piece that examines the assumptions of the age-friendly cities and environments (AFE) phenomenon both in international policy and by drawing on the Australian experience. The age-friendly narrative is discussed, both in terms of a focus on active aging and claims to be ‘for all ages.’ This claim is compared to initiatives around child and dementia friendliness, both to help specify the focus of AFE and to examine the commonalities and differences between these groups when it comes to their access to public space. An argument is developed that examines the assumptive reality of public space and how it excludes certain groups. In many ways, ‘active ageing’ pursues many of the same goals as those that characterize working life, but from the perspective of consumption rather than production. It is therefore less difficult to address the needs of the active ager than to look at children and people living with dementia. The chapter concludes by examining the ways public space affects the performance of identity. We explore how existing assumptions about the negative consequences of public space on identity may be reversed for marginalized age groups, such as people living with dementia. Finally, some of the prerequisites for effective intergenerational interaction are explored through a discussion of props to identity and the meaning of generationally intelligent space.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Note from the editors: for detailed discussions of ‘active ageing’ and ‘age friendly cities,’ see the chapters of Walker, of Kalache and of Moulaert and his colleagues.

  2. 2.

    Note from the editors: in their chapter, Brasher and Winterton present an empirically based critical discussion on the Australian case which completes the present chapter.

References

  • Alzheimer’s Australia. (2004). Dementia care and the built environment. Position Paper 3, June (Online). Available: https://fightdementia.org.au/sites/default/files/20040600_Nat_NP_3DemCareBuiltEnv.pdf. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

  • Alzheimer’s Australia. (2013). Dementia friendly societies: The way forward. A report for Alzheimer’s Australia. Paper 31, May (Online). Available: https://fightdementia.org.au/sites/default/files/20130604_NAT_PUB_Paper31DementiaFriendlySocieties.pdf. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

  • Alzheimer’s Australia. (2014). Dementia care in the acute hospital setting: Issues and strategies. A report for Alzheimer’s Australia. Paper 40, June (Online). Available: https://fightdementia.org.au/sites/default/files/Alzheimers_Australia_Numbered_Publication_40.PDF. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

  • Alzheimer’s Disease International. (2012). World Alzheimer Report 2012: Overcoming the stigma of dementia. ADI, London (Online). Available: http://www.alz.org/documents_custom/world_report_2012_final.pdf. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

  • Alzheimer’s Disease International. (2013). Policy Brief for Heads of Government: The Global Impact of Dementia 2013–2050. ADI, London (Online). Available: http://www.alz.co.uk/research/GlobalImpactDementia2013.pdf. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

  • Anderzhon, J. W., Hughes, D., Judd, S., Kiyota, E., & Wijnties, M. (2012). Design for aging: International case studies of building and program. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arizona State University Herberger Center for Design Excellence. (2005). Livable communities: An evaluation guide. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2012). Dementia in Australia. Cat. no. AGE 70. Canberra: AIHW (Online). Available: http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=10737422943. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

  • Baars, J., & Phillipson, C. (2013). Connecting meaning with social structure: Theoretical foundations. In J. Baars, J. Dohmen, A. Grenier, & C. Phillipson (Eds.), Ageing, meaning and social structure: Connecting critical and humanistic gerontology (pp. 11–30). Bristol, UK: Policy Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, S. (2002). Building better cities with children and youth. Environment and Urbanization, 14(2), 3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, S. (1999a). The ‘Blurring’ of the Lifecourse: Narrative, memory and the question of authenticity. Journal of Ageing and Identity, 4(4), 209–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, S. (1999b). The mature imagination. Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, S. (2004). Age, gender, narratives and masquerades. Journal of Aging Studies, 18(1), 45–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, S., Carstensen, L., & Hogan, P. (2012). Social capital, lifelong learning and social innovation. In J. R. Beard, S. Biggs, D. E. Bloom, L. P. Fried, P. Hogan, A. Kalache, & S. J. Olshansky (Eds.), Global Population Ageing: Peril or Promise (pp. 39–41). Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buffel, T., Phillipson, C., & Scharf, T. (2012). Ageing in urban environments: Developing ‘age-friendly’ cities. Critical Social Policy, 32(4), 597–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caro, F. G., Bass, S. A., & Chen, Y.-P. (1993). Achieving a productive aging society. Westport, Conn: Auburn House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, A., Kimberley, H., & Biggs, S. (2013). Child-Friendly Cities and Age-Friendly Cities: Discussion paper prepared for Hobsons Bay City Council. Working Paper (in press). Melbourne, VIC: Brotherhood of St Laurence.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S. A. (2005). Theorizing about aging well: Constructing a narrative. Canadian Journal of Aging, 24(1), 9–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, P., & O’Brien, M. (2002). Children in the city: Home, neighbourhood and community. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • City of New York. (2010). Active design guidelines. New York: City of New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commonwealth of Australia. (2006). A community for all ages—building the future. Canberra, ACT: Department of Health and Ageing, Commonwealth of Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of Australian Governments (COAG). (2009). Investing in the early years—a national early childhood development strategy. Barton, ACT: COAG, Commonwealth of Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claire, L. (2003). Managing threats to self: Awareness in early stage Alzheimer’s disease. Social Science and Medicine, 57(6), 1017–1029.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, M. (2004). Planet of slums. New Left Review, 26, 5–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, S., Byers, S., Nay, R., & Koch, S. (2009). Guiding Design of dementia friendly environments in residential care settings: Considering the lived experience. Dementia, 8(2), 185–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, K., Carreon, D., & Stump, C. (2000). The therapeutic design of environments for people with dementia: A review of the empirical research. The Gerontologist, 40(4), 397–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Debord, G. (1955). Introduction to a critique of urban geography (Online). Available: http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/display/2. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

  • Debord, G. (1967). The Society of the Spectacle, translation (1970) by F. Perlman & J. Supak. New York: Black & Red.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department for Work and Pensions. (2009). Building a society for all ages. Norwich, UK: Department for Work and Pensions, TSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • District of Saanich. (2014). Age Friendly Cities and the Municipality of Saanich (Online). Available: http://www.saanich.ca/parkrec/community/agefriendly.html. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

  • Family and Community Development Committee. (2012). Inquiry into opportunities for participation of victorian seniors. East Melbourne, VIC: Parliament House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, R., Forbes, I., & Bennett, K. (2003). Adapting the ward for people with dementia. Sydney: NSW Department of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredvang, M., & Biggs, S. (2012). The rights of older persons: protection and gaps under human rights law. Social Policy Working Paper no. 16, Brotherhood of St Laurence & Centre for Public Policy, Melbourne, VIC: University of Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, M. (2007). Why it remains important to take children’s rights seriously. International Journal of Children’s Rights, 15, 5–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for people. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilleard, C., & Higgs, O. (2005). Contexts of ageing: Class, cohort and community. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gleeson, B. (2001). Disability and the open city. Urban Studies, 38(2), 251–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, A. (2012). Welcome to Dementiaville: £17 million village in Switzerland will keep sufferers in fake reality. Daily Mail, January 31 (Online). Available: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2094155/Dementiaville–17m-village-Switzerland-sufferers-fake-reality.html. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

  • Herskovits, E. (1995). Struggling over subjectivity: Debates about the ‘Self’ and Alzheimer’s Disease. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 9(2), 146–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitwood, T. (1997). Dementia reconsidered: The person comes first. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohli, M. (1985). Die Institutionalisierung des Lebenslaufs: Historische Befunde und theoretischeArgumente [The institutionalization of the life course: Historical findings and theoretical arguments]. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 37, 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laws, G. (1995). Embodiment and emplacement. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 40(4), 253–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, H. (1968). The production of space, translation (1991) by D. Nicholson-Smith. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, H. (1996). Writings of cities, selection, translation and introduction by E. Kofman & E. Lebas. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lui, C. W., Everingham, J.-A., Warburton, J., Cuthill, M., & Bartlett, H. (2009). What makes a community age-friendly: A review of international literature. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 28(3), 116–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macintyre, S., & Ellaway, A. (2000). Ecological approaches: Rediscovering the role of the physical and social environment. In L. Berkman & I. Kawachi (Eds.), Social epidemiology (pp. 332–348). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G., & Annesley, A. (2011). Re-positioning age friendly communities: Opportunities to take AFC mainstream. Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Urban Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moulaert, T., & Biggs, S. (2013). International and European policy on work and retirement: Reinventing critical perspectives on active ageing and mature subjectivity. Human Relations, 66(1), 23–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Association of Area Agencies on Aging. (2007). A blueprint for action: Developing a livable community for all ages. Washington DC: National Association of Area Agencies on Aging and Partners for Livable Communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noyes, J. (2001). Designing for humans. East Sussex, UK: Taylor and Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. (2004). Sustainable cities and the ageing society. London: Brook Lyndhurst Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olshansky, S. J., Beard, J. R., & Börsch-Supan, A. (2012). The longevity dividend: Health as an investment. In J. R. Beard, S. Biggs, D. E. Bloom, L. P. Fried, P. Hogan, A. Kalache, & S. J. Olshansky (Eds.), Global population ageing: Peril or promise (pp. 57–60). Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, T. (2012). Switzerland’s ‘Dementiaville’ designed to mirror the past. The Independent, January 24 (Online). Available: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/switzerlands-dementiaville-designed-to-mirror-the-past-6293712.html. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

  • Richard, L., Gauvin, L., Gosselin, C., & Laforest, S. (2009). Staying connected: Neighbourhood correlates of social participation among older adults living in an urban environment in Montréal, Québec. Health Promotion International, 24(1), 46–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riggio, E. (2002). Child friendly cities: Good governance in the best interests of the child. Environment and Urbanization, 14(2), 45–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scharf, T., Phillipson, C., Smith, A., & Kingston, P. (2002). Growing older in socially deprived areas: Social exclusion in later life. London: Help the Aged.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scharlach, A. E. (2009). Creating ageing-friendly communities. Generations, 33(2), 5–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scharlach, A. E., & Lehning, A. J. (2013). Ageing-friendly communities and social inclusion in the United States of America. Ageing and Society, 33(1), 110–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. E. (2009). Ageing in urban environments: Place attachment and social exclusion. Bristol, UK: The Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited. (2012). A Summary of the Liveability Ranking and Overview August 2013. The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited (Online). Available: http://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Liveability2013. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

  • Tranter, P., & Sharpe, S. (2007). Children and peak oil: An opportunity in crisis. International Journal of Children’s Rights, 15, 181–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNICEF. (2004). Building Child Friendly Cities: A Framework for Action.UNICEF, International Secretariat for Child Friendly Cities, Florence: Innocenti Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNICEF. (2010). The Children Left Behind: A league table of inequality in child well-being in the world’s rich countries. Innocenti Report Card 9, UNICEF, Florence: Innocenti Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN. (2002). Political Declaration and Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. Second World Assemble on Ageing, Madrid, Spain. New York: UN (Online). Available: http://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/pdfs/Madrid_plan.pdf. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

  • UN. (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (Online). Available: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

  • United Nations Population Fund. (2007). The state of world population 2007. New York: United Nations Population Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Vliet, W. (2011). Intergenerational cities: A framework for policies and programs. Journal of Intergenerational Relations, 9(4), 348–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wahl, H.-W., & Oswald, F. (2010). Environmental perspectives on ageing. In D. Dannefer & C. Phillipson (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of social gerontology (pp. 111–124). London: SAGE Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A. (2002). A strategy for active ageing. International Social Security Review, 55(1), 121–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A. (2009). Commentary: The emergence and application of active aging in Europe. Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 21(1), 75–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C. (1978). The child in the city. London: The Architectural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolcock, G., Gleeson, B., & Randolph, B. (2010). Urban research and child-friendly cities: A new Australian outline. Children’s Geographies, 8(2), 177–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2002). Active ageing, a policy framework. Geneva: WHO.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2007). Global age-friendly cities: A guide. Geneva: WHO.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2012). Dementia: a public health priority. Geneva: WHO and ADI (Online). Available: http://www.who.int/mental_health/publications/dementia_report_2012/en/. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

  • WHO. (2014). WHO Age friendly Environments Programme (Online). Available: http://www.who.int/ageing/age_friendly_cities/en/. (Accessed November 21, 2014).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Simon Biggs .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Biggs, S., Carr, A. (2016). Age Friendliness, Childhood, and Dementia: Toward Generationally Intelligent Environments. In: Moulaert, T., Garon, S. (eds) Age-Friendly Cities and Communities in International Comparison. International Perspectives on Aging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24031-2_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24031-2_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24029-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24031-2

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics