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Women’s Immigration Detention in Greece: Gender, Control and Capacity

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Immigration Detention, Risk and Human Rights

Abstract

Despite sustained media and political interest in Greece as a key site of European border security, there is little academic scholarship about daily life in Greek detention centres. In this article we start to fill this gap, drawing on fieldwork conducted in Athens’ Central Holding Centre for immigrants, Petrou Ralli, in 2012. This chapter also contributes to feminist criminological accounts of border control that suggest that women and men’s experiences diverge in important ways, particularly in relation to experiences of immigration detention. What are women’s needs in detention? How do those who work in the detention centre view the women they lock up? What obstacles do detainees face, as women? How do they interpret their experiences? Using testimonies from detainees and the staff who work with them, we unveil the human impact of policies being implemented in response to transnational pressures from Brussels and to more local problems.

The fieldwork for this paper was conducted by Andriani Fili from November 2011 to February 2012, supported by the Oxford University Research Support Fund at the Faculty of Law as well as by the Australian Research Council Future Fellowship of Sharon Pickering. Mary Bosworth would also like to acknowledge funding from the European Research Council, Starter Grant 313362 in writing up the project. Where possible, interviews were digitally recorded and then fully transcribed and translated into English by Andriani Fili. Others were recorded in note form and then translated into English. All interviewees have been anonymised. More information about this ongoing research can be found at www.borderobservatory.org and http://bordercriminologies.law.ox.ac.uk.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    If we include anthropology, politics and geography, the volume of ethnographic research expands as does the amount of theoretical work on border control (on the former, see, for example, Hall 2010, 2012; Mountz 2012; Gill 2009; on the latter, see Makaremi 2009; De Genova and Peultz 2010; Fassin 2011).

  2. 2.

    Any expectations of hospitality disappear upon a visit to one of the new ‘closed hospitality centres’ in Amygdaleza. It is composed of small mobile homes surrounded by high wire and situated in a remote area outside of Athens. The location of the centre makes it particularly difficult for detainees to obtain legal or medical aid, an outcome that appears to have been deliberate, as the young director of the centre revealed: ‘we want to deport them and we are going to do it, so do not bother informing them about what they need’ (see Johansen 2013, for an account of a short-lived similarly named set of institutions in Norway and their role in enforcing deportation).

  3. 3.

    Greece has now stopped all regularisation programs for economic immigrants, and accepted asylum applications, though having risen from 0.1 to 3 % recently, are very few compared to the number of requests.

  4. 4.

    The new government wants to pass legislation that will shift responsibility for immigration to the Ministry of Public Protection, i.e. the police will be responsible for the arrest, detention and welfare of immigrants and refugees in Greece.

  5. 5.

    S.D. vs. Greece, 11.06.2009, concerning detention in border guard station, Soufli.

  6. 6.

    A.A. vs. Greece, 22.07.2010, concerning detention conditions in detention centre on Samos island.

  7. 7.

    Tabesh vs. Greece, 26.11.2009.

  8. 8.

    M.S.S. vs. Belgium and Greece, 21.01.2011, concerning detention conditions at the airport detention facility.

  9. 9.

    Rahimi vs. Greece, 05.04.2011, concerning detention conditions on Lesvos island.

  10. 10.

    R.U vs. Greece, 07.06.2011, concerning detention conditions in Soufli.

  11. 11.

    http://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/grc/2011-10-inf-eng.pdf. This is the fifth time the CPT has used this exceptional measure against countries; the first time in Turkey is in 1992 and then again in 1996 and in Russia in 2001, 2003, 2005 for the situation in Chechnya.

  12. 12.

    For a translation of the law, see http://old.certh.gr/libfiles/PDF/MOBIL-65-Nomos3386_en.pdf.

  13. 13.

    ‘Golden Dawn’ (Xrisi Avgi), secured 19 seats in the Parliament in the June 2012 national elections, for a first time in its history. Its programmatic statements included virulent posters promising to ‘get rid of the dirt off the city streets’ and called for ‘Greece only for Greeks’. There is also some evidence that suggests that members of the party belong to groups that organize street patrolling and protect citizens by carrying out violent attacks on migrants. It is estimated that 50 % of police officers voted for this party.

  14. 14.

    http://government.gov.gr/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF-%CE%94%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82.pdf.

  15. 15.

    http://www.minocp.gov.gr/index.php?option=ozo_content&lang=&perform=view&id=3790&Itemid=513. For an account of the role of ‘voluntary return’ programmes elsewhere in Europe, see Johansen (2013).

  16. 16.

    Greece’s current prison population is estimated at around 12,000 people. The total detention capacity in specialised detention centres at the moment is 2500.

  17. 17.

    See, for instance, Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants (2012) http://picum.org/it/attualita/bolletino/38052/.

  18. 18.

    http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/jha/130761.pdf.

  19. 19.

    This has now been reduced to once a month due to overcrowding.

  20. 20.

    http://www.astynomia.gr/index.php?option=ozo_content&lang=%27..%27&perform=view&id=23632&Itemid=1027&lang=.

  21. 21.

    Autopsia, 04/10/2012. http://www.alphatv.gr/Microsites/Autopsia/Shows/04-10-2012.aspx.

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Bosworth, M., Fili, A., Pickering, S. (2016). Women’s Immigration Detention in Greece: Gender, Control and Capacity. In: Guia, M., Koulish, R., Mitsilegas, V. (eds) Immigration Detention, Risk and Human Rights. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24690-1_9

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