Abstract
In the last decade, adaptive biometrics has become an emerging field of research. Considering the fact that limited work has been undertaken on adaptive biometrics using machine learning techniques, in this chapter we list and discuss a few out of many potential learning techniques that can be applied to build an adaptive biometric system. In order to illustrate the efficacy of one of the incremental learning techniques from the literature, we built an adaptive biometric system. For experimentation, we have used multi-modal ocular (sclera and iris) data. The preliminary results have been reported in the results section, which are very promising.
\(^*\)The first and the second author have equal contribution in this work.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Rattani, A., Freni, B., Marcialis, G.L., Roli, F.: Template update methods in adaptive biometric systems: a critical review. In: Proceedings of Third International Conference Biometrics, Sardinia, Alghero, pp. 847–856 (2009)
Rattani, A., Marcialis, G.L., Granger, E., Roli, F.: A Dual-staged Classification-selection approach for automated update of biometric templates. In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp. 2972–2975. Japan (2012)
Rattani, A.: Adaptive biometric system based on template update procedures. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cagliari, Italy (2010)
Rattani, A., Freni, B., Marcialis, G.L., Roli, F.: Template update methods in adaptive biometric systems: a critical review. In: Proceedings of Third International Conference Biometrics, pp. 847–856. Sardinia, Alghero (2009)
Poh, N., Kittler, J., Marcel, S., Matrouf, D., Bonastre, J.F.: Model and score adaptation for biometric systems: coping with device interoperability and changing acquisition conditions. In: Proceedings of the International Confernece on Pattern Recognition, pp. 1229–1232. Istambul, Turkey (2010)
Uludag, U., Ross, A., Jain, A.: Biometric template selection and update: a case study in fingerprints. Pattern Recogn. 37(7), 1533–1542 (2004)
Oh, K., Toh K.: Extracting sclera features for cancelable identity verification. In: 5th IAPR International Conference on Biometric, pp. 245–250 (2012)
Jiang, X., Ser, W.: Online fingerprint template improvement. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24(8), 1121–1126 (2008)
Ryu, C., Hakil, K., Jain, A.K.: Template adaptation based finger print verification. In: Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 582–585. Hong Kong (2006)
Liu, X., Chen, T., Thornton, S.M.: Eigenspace updating for non stationary process and its application to face recognition. Pattern Recognit. 36(9), 1945–1959 (2003)
Roli, F, Didaci, L., Marcialis, G.L.: Template co-update in multimodal biometric systems. In: Proceedings of IEEE/IAPR International Conference on Biometrics, pp. 1194–1202. Seoul, Korea (2007)
Roli, F., Marcialis, G.L.: Semi-supervised PCA-based face recognition using self-training. In: Proceedings of the Joint IAPR International Workshop on S+SSPR06, pp. 560–568. Hong Kong, China (2006)
Rattani, A., Marcialis, G.L., Roli, F.: Biometric template update usingthe graph mincut: a case study in face verification. In: Proceedings of Sixth IEEE Biometric Symposium, pp. 23–28. Tampa, USA (2008)
Poh, N., Rattani, A., Roli, F.: Critical analysis of adaptive biometric systems. IET Biometrics 1(4), 179–187 (2012)
Das, A.: Face recognition in reduced eigen plane. In: International Conference on Communications, Devices and Intelligent Systems, pp. 620–623 (2012)
Das, A., Pal, U., Ballester, M.F., Blumenstein, M.: A new wrist vein biometric system. In: Computational Intelligence in Biometrics and Identity Management (CIBIM), pp. 68–75 (2014)
Das, A., Parekh, R.: Iris recognition using a scalar based template in eigenspace. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Telecommun. 3(5), 74–79 (2012)
Das, A., Parekh, R.: Iris recognition in 2D eigen-space. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 52(19), 1–6 (2012)
Derakhshani, R., Ross, A., Crihalmeanu, S.: A new biometric modality based on conjunctival vasculature. In: Proceedings of Artificial Neural Networks in Engineering, pp. 1–8 (2006)
Khosravi, M.H., Safabakhsh, R.: Human eye sclera detection and tracking using a modified time-adaptive self-organizing map. Pattern Recogn. 41, 2571–2593 (2008)
Zhou, Z., Du, Y., Thomas, N.L., Delp, E.J.: A new biometric sclera recognition. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. -PART A: Syst. Hum. 42(3), 571–583 (2012)
Zhou, Z., Du, Y., Thomas, N.L., Delp, E.J.: Quality fusion based multi-modal eye recognition. In: IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pp. 1297–1302 (2012)
Das, A., Pal, U., Ballester, M.F., Blumenstein, M.: Fuzzy logic based sclera recognition. In: FUZZ-IEEE, pp. 561–568 (2014)
Tankasala, S.P., Doynov, P., Derakhshani, R.R., Ross, A., Crihalmeanu, S.: Biometric recognition of conjunctival vasculature using GLCM features. In: International Conference on Image Information Processing, pp. 1–6 (2011)
Zhou, Z., Du, Y., Thomas, N.L., Delp, E.J.: Multi angled sclera recognition. In: IEEE Workshop on Computational Intelligence in Biometrics and Identity Management, pp. 103–108 (2011)
Crihalmeanu, S., Ross, A.: Multispectral sclera patterns for ocular biometric recognition. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 33, 1860–1869 (2012)
Das, A., Pal, U., Ballester, M.F.A., Blumenstein, M.: A new method for sclera vessel recognition using OLBP. In: Chinese Conference on Biometric Recognition, LNCS, vol. 8232, pp. 370–377 (2013)
Ferrer, M.A., Morales, A., Das, A., Blumenstein, M., Pal, U.: Model based sclera vessels segmentation with SIFT recognition and its combination with Iris. In: Spanish biometric consodium, VII Jornadas de Reconocimiento Bio-metrico de Personas, pp. 68–76 (2013)
Das, A., Pal, U., Ballester, M.F., Blumenstein, M.: Sclera recognition using D-SIFT. In: 13th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, pp. 74–79 (2013)
Lazebnik, S., Schmid, C., Ponce, J.: Beyond bags of features: spatial pyramid matching for recognizing natural scene categories. Proc. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recogn. 2, 2169–2178 (2006)
Das, A., Pal, U., Ballester, M.F., Blumenstein, M.: A new efficient and adaptive sclera recognition system. In: Computational Intelligence in Biometrics and Identity Management (CIBIM), pp. 1–8 (2014)
Das, A., Pal, U., Ballester, M.F., Blumenstein, M.: Multi angle based lively sclera biometrics at a distance. In: Computational Intelligence in Biometrics and Identity Management (CIBIM), pp. 22–29 (2014)
Zhou, Z., Du, Y., Thomas, N.L., Delp, E.J.: Multimodal eye recognition. Proc. Int. Soc. Optical Eng. 7708(770806), 1–10 (2010)
Gottemukkula, V., Saripalle, S.K., Tankasala, S.P., Derakhshani, R., Pasula, R., Ross, A.: Fusing iris and conjunctival vasculature: ocular biometrics in the visible spectrum. In: IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security, pp. 150–155 (2012)
Das, A., Pal, U., Blumenstein, M., Ballester, M.F.: Sclera recognition—a survey. Adv. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recogn. 917–921 (2013)
Scholz, M., Klinkenberg, R.: Boosting classifiers for drifting concepts. In: IDA—Special Issue on Knowledge Discovery from Data Streams, vol. 11, Issue 1, pp. 3–28 (2007)
Rodrigues, P.P., Gama, J.A., Arajo, J.A., Lopes, L.: L2GClust: local-to-global clustering of stream sources. In: Proceedings of the 2011 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 1006–1011. ACM (2011)
Kolter, J.Z., Maloof, M.A.: Dynamic weighted majority: an ensemble method for drifting concepts. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 8, 2755–2790 (2007)
Widmer, G., Kubat, M.: Learning in the presence of concept drift and hidden contexts. Mach. Learn. 23, 69–101 (1996)
Street, N.W., Kim, Y.: A streaming ensemble algorithm (SEA) for large-scale classification. In: KDD ’01: Proceedings of the Seventh ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 377–382. ACM (2001)
Klinkenberg, R.: Learning drifting concepts: example selection vs. example weighting. Intell. Data Anal. 8, 281–300 (2004)
Fern, A., Givan, R.: Online ensemble learning: an empirical study. Mach. Learn. 53, 71–109 (2003)
Maloof, M.A., Michalski, R.S.: Incremental learning with partial instance memory. Artif. Intell. 154(1–2), 95–126 (2004)
Shilton, A., Palaniswami, M., Ralph, D., Tsoi, A.C.: Incremental training of support vector machines. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 16, 114–131 (2005)
Kuncheva, L.I.: Combining Pattern Classifiers: Methods and Algorithms. Wiley (2004)
Brown, G.: Ensemble learning. In: Encyclopedia of Machine Learning, pp. 1–9 (2010)
Polikar, R.: Bootstrap inspired techniques in computational intelligence. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 24, 57–72 (2007)
Wolpert, D.H., Macready, W.G.: No free lunch theorems for optimization. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 1(1), 67–82 (1997)
Dietterich, T.G.: Machine learning research: four current directions. Artif. Intell. 18(4), 97–136 (1997)
Dietterich, T.G.: An experimental comparison of three methods for constructing ensembles of decision trees: bagging, boosting, and randomization. Mach. Learn. 40(2), 139–157 (2000)
Kuncheva, I., Whitaker, C.J.: Measures of diversity in classifier ensembles and their relationship with the ensemble accuracy. Mach. Learn. 51, 181–207 (2003)
Breiman, L.: Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45, 5–32 (2001)
Ralaivola, L., d’Alche Buc, F.: Incremental support vector machine learning: a local approach. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 2130, 322–329 (2001)
Minku, L.L., White, A., Yao, X.: The impact of diversity on online ensemble learning in the presence of concept drift. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 22, 730–742 (2010)
Tang, E.K., Sunganthan, P.N., Yao, X.: An analysis of diversity measures. Mach. Learn. 65, 247–271 (2006)
Martinetz, T.M., Berkovich, S.G., Schulten, K.J.: Neural-gas network for vector quantization and its application to time-series rrediction. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 4(4), 558–569 (1993)
Freund, Y., Schapire, R.E.: Experiments with a new boosting algorithm. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML’96), pp. 148–156. Morgan Kaufmann, Bari, Italy (1996)
Minku, L.L., Yao, X.: DDD: a new ensemble approach for dealing with concept drift. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. (2010)
Kunwar, R., Pal, U., Blumenstein, M.: Semi-supervised online learning of handwritten characters using a bayesian classifier. In: Second IAPR Asian Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 717–721. Okinawa, Japan (2013)
Kunwar, R., Pal, U., Blumenstein, M.: Semi-supervised online bayesian network learner for handwritten characters recognition. In: Twenty Second International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp. 3104–3109. Stockholm, Sweden (2014)
William, H., Saul, A., William, T., Flannery, B.P.: Support Vector Machines. Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, New York (2007). ISBN 978-0-521-88068-8
Vladimir, V., Vapnik, V.: Statistical Learning Thoery. Springer, New York (1998)
Syed, N.A., Liu, H., Sung, K.K.: Incremental learning with support vector machines. In: SVM workshop, IJCAI (1999)
Ruping, S.: Incremental learning with support vector machines. Technical Report TR-18, Universitat Dortmund, SFB475 (2002)
Kivinen, J., Smola, A.J., Williamson, R.C.: Online learning with kernels. In: Diettrich, T.G., Becker, S., Ghahramani, Z. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Proceedings Systems (NIPS 01), pp. 785–792 (2001)
Cauwenberghs, G., Poggio, T.: Incremental and decremental support vector machine learning. In: Leen, T.K., Dietterich, T.G., Tresp, V. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 13, pp. 409–415. MIT Press (2001)
Laskov, P., Gehl, C., Kruger, S., Muller, K.R.: Incremental support vector learning: analysis, implementation and applications. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 1909–1936 (2006)
Shilton, A., Palaniswami, M., Ralph, D., Tsol, A.C.: Incremental training of support vector machines. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 16(1), 114–131 (2005)
Muhlbaier, M., Topalis, A., Polikar, R.: Learn++. NC: combining ensemble of classifiers combined with dynamically weighted consult-and-vote for efficient incremental learning of new classes. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 20(1), 152–168 (2009)
Freund, Y., Schapire, R.: A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 55(1), 119–139 (1997)
Shen, F., Sakurai, K., Kamiya, Y., Hasegawa, O.: An online semi-supervised active learning algorithm with self-organizing incremental neural network. In: International Joint Conference on Neural Network (IJCNN), pp. 1139–1144 (2007)
Kohonen, T.: Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biol. Cybern 43(1), 59–69 (1982)
Shen, F., Hasegawa, O.: An incremental network for on-line unsupervised classification and topology learning. Neural Networks 19(1), 90–106 (2006)
Dunn, J.C.: A fuzzy relative of the ISODATA process and its use in detect-ing compact well-separated clusters. J. Cybern. 3, 32–57 (1973)
Bezdek, J.C.: Pattern Recognition with Fuzzy Objective Function Algorithms. Plenum Press, New York (1981)
Li, B.N., Chui, C.K., Chang, S., Ong, S.H.: Integrating spatial fuzzy clustering with level set methods for automated medical image segmentation. Comput. Biol. Med. 41(1), 1–10 (2011)
Pizer, S.M., Amburn, E.P., Austin, J.D.: Adaptive histogram equalization and its variations. Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process. 39, 355–368 (1987)
Daubechies, I.: Ten lectures on wavelets. In: CBMS-NSF Conference Series In Applied Mathematics, SIAM Ed, pp. 117–119 (1992)
Zhang, B., Gao, Y., Zhao, S., Liu, J.: Local derivative pattern versus local binary pattern: face recognition with high-order local pattern descriptor. IEEE Trans. Image Proces. 19(2) (2010)
Kabir, Md. H., Jabid, T., Chae, O.: A local directional pattern variance (LDPv) based face descriptor for human facial expression recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS), pp. 526–532 (2010)
Daugman, J.G.: High confidence visual recognition of persons by a test of statistical independence. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 15(11), 1148–1161 (1993)
Proena, H., Alexandre, L.A.: UBIRIS: a noisy iris image database. In: Proceedings of ICIAP: International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing, vol. 1, pp. 970–977 (2005)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Das, A., Kunwar, R., Pal, U., Ferrer, M.A., Blumenstein, M. (2015). An Online Learning-Based Adaptive Biometric System. In: Rattani, A., Roli, F., Granger, E. (eds) Adaptive Biometric Systems. Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24865-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24865-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24863-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24865-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)