Abstract
In recent years, the nondestructive testing (NDT) of structures and soils using ground penetrating radars (GPRs) has become a mature technology. The particular interest in this technique is explained by several advantages when compared to other NDT techniques: the portability of the equipment because of its moderate weight, relative low cost of the survey, reasonable budget of the initial investment, and high versatility in terms of application for different purposes and scenarios. However, the success of GPR surveys is not straightforward due to the complexity of the physical phenomena involved. The determination of the most appropriate hardware configuration (mostly, antennas and particular waveforms of electromagnetic pulses) is determined by a thorough analysis of the application (e.g., material properties and features of the buried object and host medium). In this way, an initial choice among the available electronic equipment is made by gathering the relevant information of the survey: the expected depth of the target embedded, the resolution required to identify targets of a definite size, the physical contrast between constitutive parameters of flaw and host medium, and the signal to noise ratio of the measurement due not only to electronics but also to inherent conditions of the survey (i.e., existing clutters, nonhomogeneities of the host medium, and roughness of the interface air-host). Therefore, a GPR survey is considered a multidisciplinary problem requiring contributions: from electrical engineering, to design and manufacture versatile and powerful equipment; from physics, to analyze and choose an optimum configuration for the desired application; and from computer science, to achieve proper predictions through the information provided by the measurements. This chapter introduces briefly this multidisciplinary approach by presenting first the electromagnetic phenomena leading to the detection with GPR, then by listing the characteristics of available equipment, and finally by enumerating some of the latest computer techniques for the discovery and classification of targets.
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Lucas Travassos, X., Pantoja, M.F. (2018). Ground Penetrating Radar. In: Ida, N., Meyendorf, N. (eds) Handbook of Advanced Non-Destructive Evaluation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30050-4_9-1
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