Skip to main content

Herbal Anxiolytics with Sedative Actions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

This chapter will present evidence from human clinical trials regarding the efficacy of herbal treatments with a primarily sedative mode of action. These are most relevant for chronic (everyday) supplementation to address anxiety symptoms.

  • Kava (Piper methysticum)

  • Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata)

  • Chamomile (Matricaria recutita)

  • Galphimia (Galphimia glauca)

  • Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora)

  • Valerian (Valeriana spp.)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Lebot V, Lévesque J. The origin and distribution of kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f. and Piper wichmannii C. DC., Piperaceae): a phytochemical approach. Allertonia. 1989;5:223–80.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Awad R et al. Effects of traditionally used anxiolytic botanicals on enzymes of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;85(9):933–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bilia AR, Gallon S, Vincieri FF. Kava-kava and anxiety: growing knowledge about the efficacy and safety. Life Sci. 2002;70(22):2581–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. LaPorte E et al. Neurocognitive effects of kava (Piper methysticum): a systematic review. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2011;26(2):102–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rickels K, Rynn M. Pharmacotherapy of generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(Suppl 14):9–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Kava extract for treating anxiety. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;1:CD003383.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Clouatre DL. Kava kava: examining new reports of toxicity. Toxicol Lett. 2004;150(1):85–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Teschke R, Schwarzenboeck A, Akinci A. Kava hepatotoxicity: a European view. N Z Med J. 2008;121(1283):90–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Raduege KM et al. Anesthetic considerations of the herbal, kava. J Clin Anesth. 2004;16(4):305–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Singh YN, Singh NN. Therapeutic potential of kava in the treatment of anxiety disorders. CNS Drugs. 2002;16(11):731–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Nerurkar PV, Dragull K, Tang CS. In vitro toxicity of kava alkaloid, pipermethystine, in HepG2 cells compared to kavalactones. Toxicol Sci. 2004;79(1):106–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kinzler E, Kromer J, Lehmann E. Effect of a special kava extract in patients with anxiety-, tension-, and excitation states of non-psychotic genesis. Double blind study with placebos over 4 weeks. Arzneimittelforschung. 1991;41(6):584–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gleitz J et al. The protective action of tetrodotoxin and (+/−)-kavain on anaerobic glycolysis, ATP content and intracellular Na + and Ca2+ of anoxic brain vesicles. Neuropharmacology. 1996;35(12):1743–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Jamieson DD, Duffield PH. The antinociceptive actions of kava components in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1990;17(7):495–507.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Singh YN. Effects of kava on neuromuscular transmission and muscle contractility. J Ethnopharmacol. 1983;7(3):267–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gleitz J et al. Antithrombotic action of the kava pyrone (+)-kavain prepared from Piper methysticum on human platelets. Planta Med. 1997;63(1):27–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Singh HK, Dhawan BN. Neuropsychopharmacological effects of the ayurvedic nootropic Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi). Indian J Pharm. 1997;29(5):S359–65.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Wheatley D. Stress-induced insomnia treated with kava and valerian: singly and in combination. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2001;16(4):353–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Jussofie A, Schmiz A, Hiemke C. Kavapyrone enriched extract from Piper methysticum as modulator of the GABA binding site in different regions of rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994;116:469–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Davies LP et al. Kava pyrones and resin: studies on GABAA, GABAB and benzodiazepine binding sites in rodent brain. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1992;71(2):120–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Boonen G, Häberlein H. Influence of genuine kavapyrone enantiomers on the GABAA binding site. Planta Med. 1998;64:504–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Witte S, Loew D, Gaus W. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of the acetonic kava-kava extract WS1490 in patients with non-psychotic anxiety disorders. Phytother Res. 2005;19(3):183–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. CoulterD.Assessment of the risk of hepatotoxicity with kava products.WHO Appointed Committee.2007.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Whitton PA et al. Kava lactones and the kava-kava controversy. Phytochemistry. 2003;64(3):673–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sarris J et al. The Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS): a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial using an aqueous extract of Piper methysticum. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009;205(3):399–407.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sarris J, Adams J, Kavanagh D. An explorative qualitative analysis of participants’ experience of using kava versus placebo in an RCT. Aust J Med Med Herbalism. 2010;22(1):12–6.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Sarris J et al. Kava in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33(5):643–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Boerner RJ et al. Kava-Kava extract LI 150 is as effective as Opipramol and Buspirone in Generalised Anxiety Disorder–an 8-week randomized, double-blind multi-centre clinical trial in 129 out-patients. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(Suppl 4):38–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Buffett-Jerrott SE, Stewart SH. Cognitive and sedative effects of benzodiazepine use. Curr Pharm Des. 2002;8(1):45–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Thompson R, Ruch W, Hasenohrl RU. Enhanced cognitive performance and cheerful mood by standardized extracts of Piper methysticum (Kava-kava). Hum Psychopharmacol. 2004;19(4):243–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Saletu B et al. EEG-brain mapping, psychometric and psychophysiological studies on central effects of kavain – a kava plant derivative. Hum Psychopharmacol. 1989;4:169–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Heinze HJ et al. Pharmacopsychological effects of oxazepam and kava-extract in a visual search paradigm assessed with event-related potentials. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1994;27(6):224–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Munte TF et al. Effects of oxazepam and an extract of kava roots (Piper methysticum) on event-related potentials in a word recognition task. Neuropsychobiology. 1993;27(1):46–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Foo H, Lemon J. Acute effects of kava, alone or in combination with alcohol, on subjective measures of impairment and intoxication and on cognitive performance. Drug Alcohol Rev. 1997;16(2):147–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Prescott J et al. Acute effects of kava on measures of cognitive performance, physiological function and mood. Drug Alcohol Rev. 1993;12(1):49–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Russell PN, Bakker D, Singh NN. The effects of kava on altering and speed of access of information from long-term memory. Bull Psychon Soc. 1987;25(4):236–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Mathews JD et al. Effects of the heavy usage of kava on physical health: summary of a pilot survey in an aboriginal community. Med J Aust. 1988;148(11):548–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cairney S et al. Saccade and cognitive function in chronic kava users. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28(2):389–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sarris J et al. The acute effects of kava and oxazepam on anxiety, mood, neurocognition; and genetic correlates: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012;27(3):262–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Cairney S et al. Saccade and cognitive impairment associated with kava intoxication. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2003;18(7):525–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Akhondzadeh S et al. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2001;26(5):363–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Anxiolytic activity of aerial and underground parts of Passiflora incarnata. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;72(8):922–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Dhawan K, Dhawan S, Sharma A. Passiflora: a review update. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;94(1):1–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Felter HW, Lloyd JU. King’s American dispensatory.1898.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Comparative biological activity study on Passiflora incarnata and P. edulis. Fitoterapia. 2001;72(6):698–702.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Awad R et al. Phytochemical and biological analysis of skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.): a medicinal plant with anxiolytic properties. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(8):640–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Anti-anxiety studies on extracts of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;78(2–3):165–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Brown E et al. Evaluation of the anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a Passiflora incarnata extract, in the laboratory rat. AANA J. 2007;75(5):333–7.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Zanoli P, Avallone R, Baraldi M. Behavioral characterisation of the flavonoids apigenin and chrysin. Fitoterapia. 2000;71(Suppl 1):S117–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. de Castro PCF et al. Possible anxiolytic effect of two extracts of Passiflora quadrangularis L. in experimental models. Phytother Res. 2007;21(5):481–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Salgueiro JB et al. Anxiolytic natural and synthetic flavonoid ligands of the central benzodiazepine receptor have no effect on memory tasks in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997;58(4):887–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Wolfman C et al. Possible anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a central benzodiazepine receptor ligand isolated from Passiflora Coerulea. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1994;47(1):1–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sampath C et al. Anxiolytic effects of fractions obtained from Passiflora incarnata L. in the elevated plus maze in mice. Phytother Res. 2011;25(6):789–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Movafegh A et al. Preoperative oral Passiflora incarnata reduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2008;106(6):1728–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Aslanargun P et al. Passiflora incarnata Linneaus as an anxiolytic before spinal anesthesia. J Anesth. 2012;26(1):39–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Appel K et al. Modulation of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system by Passiflora incarnata L. Phytother Res. 2011;25(6):838–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Petry RD et al. Comparative pharmacological study of hydroethanol extracts of Passiflora alata and Passiflora edulis leaves. Phytother Res. 2001;15(2):162–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Comparative anxiolytic activity profile of various preparations of Passiflora incarnata linneaus: a comment on medicinal plants’ standardization. J Altern Complement Med. 2002;8(3):283–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Grundmann O et al. Anxiolytic effects of a passion flower (Passiflora incarnata L.) extract in the elevated plus maze in mice. Die Pharmazie(An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences). 2009;64(1):63–4.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Grundmann O et al. Anxiolytic activity of a phytochemically characterized Passiflora incarnata extract is mediated via the GABAergic system. Planta Med. 2008;74(15):1769–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Barbosa PR et al. The aqueous extracts of Passiflora alata and Passiflora edulis reduce anxiety-related behaviors without affecting memory process in rats. J Med Food. 2008;11(2):282–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Deng J et al. Anxiolytic and sedative activities of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(1):148–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Li H et al. Comparative studies on anxiolytic activities and flavonoid compositions of Passiflora edulis ‘edulis’ and Passiflora edulis ‘flavicarpa’. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(3):1085–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lolli LF et al. Possible involvement of GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor in the anxiolytic-like effect induced by Passiflora actinia extracts in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;111(2):308–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Soulimani R et al. Behavioural effects of Passiflora incarnata L. and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;57(1):11–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Amsterdam JD et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(4):378–82. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181ac935c.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Avallone R et al. Pharmacological profile of apigenin, a flavonoid isolated from Matricaria chamomilla. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000;59(11):1387–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Viola H et al. Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta Med. 1995;61(3):213–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Gutiérrez SLG, Chilpa RR, Jaime HB. Medicinal plants for the treatment of “nervios”, anxiety, and depression in Mexican Traditional Medicine. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2014;24(5):591–608.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Abarca Vargas R et al. Pharmacokinetic study in mice of galphimine-A, an anxiolytic compound from Galphimia glauca. Molecules. 2014;19(3):3120–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Jimenez-Ferrer E et al. Interaction of the natural anxiolytic Galphimine-B with serotonergic drugs on dorsal hippocampus in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(1):724–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Herrera-Ruiz M et al. Anxiolytic and antidepressant-like activity of a standardized extract from Galphimia glauca. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(1–2):23–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Herrera-Arellano A et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a standardized herbal product from Galphimia glauca on generalized anxiety disorder. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial controlled with lorazepam. Planta Med. 2007;73(8):713–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Herrera-Arellano A et al. Therapeutic effectiveness of galphimia glauca vslorazepam in generalized anxiety disorder. A controlled 15-week clinical trial. Planta Med. 2012;78(14):1529–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Wolfson P, Hoffmann D. An investigation into the efficacy of Scutellaria lateriflora in healthy volunteers. Altern Ther Health Med. 2003;9(2):74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Li J et al. Identification of phenolic compounds from Scutellaria lateriflora by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet photodiode array and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2012;63(0):120–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Zhang Z et al. Characterization of chemical ingredients and anticonvulsant activity of American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). Phytomedicine. 2009;16(5):485–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kuroda M, Iwabuchi K, Mimaki Y. Chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Scutellaria lateriflora and their alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Nat Prod Commun. 2012;7(4):471.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Yaghmai MS. Volatile constituents of Scutellaria lateriflora L. Flavour Frag J. 1988;3(1):27–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hui KM et al. Anxiolytic effect of wogonin, a benzodiazepine receptor ligand isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Biochem Pharmacol. 2002;64(9):1415–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. de Carvalho RSM, Duarte FS, de Lima TCM. Involvement of GABAergic non-benzodiazepine sites in the anxiolytic-like and sedative effects of the flavonoid baicalein in mice. Behav Brain Res. 2011;221(1):75–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Brock C et al. American Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora): a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of its effects on mood in healthy volunteers. Phytother Res. 2014;28(5):692–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Gao XQ, Björk L. Valerenic acid derivatives and valepotriates among individuals, varieties and species of Valeriana. Fitoterapia. 2000;71(1):19–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Patočka J, Jakl J. Biomedically relevant chemical constituents of Valeriana officinalis. J Appl Biomed. 2010;8(11–18).

    Google Scholar 

  86. Muller CE et al. Interactions of valerian extracts and a fixed valerian-hop extract combination with adenosine receptors. Life Sci. 2002;71(16):1939–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Benke D et al. GABA(A) receptors as in vivo substrate for the anxiolytic action of valerenic acid, a major constituent of valerian root extracts. Neuropharmacology. 2009;56(1):174–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Dunayev VV et al. Biological activity of the sum of valepotriates isolated from Val. alliariifolia Adams. Farmakol Toksikol. 1987;50(6):33–7.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Hattesohl M et al. Extracts of Valeriana officinalis L. s.l. show anxiolytic and antidepressant effects but neither sedative nor myorelaxant properties. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(1–2):2–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Murphy K et al. Valeriana officinalis root extracts have potent anxiolytic effects in laboratory rats. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(8–9):674–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Andreatini R et al. Effect of valepotriates (valerian extract) in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Phytother Res. 2002;16(7):650–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Bos R et al. Cytotoxic potential of valerian constituents and valerian tinctures. Phytomedicine. 1998;5(3):219–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Bounthanh C et al. Valepotriates, a new class of cytotoxic and antitumor agents. Planta Med. 1981;41(1):21–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Bhattacharyya D et al. Initial exploratory observational pharmacology of Valeriana wallichii on stress management: a clinical report. Nepal Med CollJ(NMCJ). 2007;9(1):36–9.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Pinheiro ML et al. Valeriana officinalis L. for conscious sedation of patients submitted to impacted lower third molar surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled split-mouth study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2014;6(2):109–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Sarris J. Current challenges in appraising complementary medicine evidence. Med J Aust. 2012;196(5):310–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Teschke R et al. Kava, the anxiolytic herb: back to basics to prevent liver injury? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71(3):445–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Sarris J, LaPorte E, Schweitzer I. Kava: a comprehensive review of efficacy, safety, and psychopharmacology. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45(1):27–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Malsch U, Kieser M. Efficacy of kava-kava in the treatment of non-psychotic anxiety, following pretreatment with benzodiazepines. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001;157:277–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Carney CE et al. Distinguishing rumination from worry in clinical insomnia. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48(6):540–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Hanrahan F et al. A meta-analysis of cognitive therapy for worry in generalized anxiety disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(1):120–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Taylor S, Abramowitz JS, McKay D. Non-adherence and non-response in the treatment of anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26(5):583–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jerome Sarris .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sarris, J., McIntyre, E. (2017). Herbal Anxiolytics with Sedative Actions. In: Camfield, D., McIntyre, E., Sarris, J. (eds) Evidence-Based Herbal and Nutritional Treatments for Anxiety in Psychiatric Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42307-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42307-4_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42305-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-42307-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics