Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Principles and Application of Molecular Imaging for Personalized Medicine and Guiding Interventions in Neuroendocrine Tumors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Diagnostic and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine for Neuroendocrine Tumors

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE))

Abstract

The use of molecular imaging has been transformational in guiding interventions in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. The use of Ga-68 somatostatin receptor (SSTR) in PET/CT is more accurate than In-111 planar or SPECT/CT imaging with a consequent high management impact for patients. SSTR PET/CT not only provides high sensitivity and specificity but enables noninvasive evaluation of SSTR cell expression, thereby enabling selection of patients that are suitable for somatostatin analogue or peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is complementary with high uptake generally conferring a poor prognosis and signifying poorly differentiated disease. An increasing number of therapeutic options are now available for patients with NET including surgery, SSA, PRRT, liver-directed therapies, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and other systemic agents such as everolimus. In this chapter, our evolving approach to the use of molecular imaging to guide selection of therapy for an individual patient is summarized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hicks RJ. Should positron emission tomography/computed tomography be the first rather than the last test performed in the assessment of cancer? Cancer Imaging. 2012;12:315–23. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2012.9005.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Hofman MS, Hicks RJ. Changing paradigms with molecular imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Discov Med. 2012;14(74):71–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hicks RJ, Hofman MS. Is there still a role for SPECT-CT in oncology in the PET-CT era? Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2012;9(12):712–20. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.188.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hofman MS, Lau WF, Hicks RJ. Somatostatin receptor imaging with 68Ga DOTATATE PET/CT: clinical utility, normal patterns, pearls, and pitfalls in interpretation. Radiographics. 2015;35(2):500–16. doi:10.1148/rg.352140164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Orlefors H, Sundin A, Ahlstrom H, Bjurling P, Bergstrom M, Lilja A, Langstrom B, Oberg K, Eriksson B. Positron emission tomography with 5-hydroxytryprophan in neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(7):2534–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Luo Y, Pan Q, Yao S, Yu M, Wu W, Xue H, Kiesewetter DO, Zhu Z, Li F, Zhao Y, Chen X. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor PET/CT with 68Ga-NOTA-Exendin-4 for detecting localized insulinoma: a prospective cohort study. J Nucl Med. 2016;57(5):715–20. doi:10.2967/jnumed.115.167445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Wild D, Wicki A, Mansi R, Behe M, Keil B, Bernhardt P, Christofori G, Ell PJ, Macke HR. Exendin-4-based radiopharmaceuticals for glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor PET/CT and SPECT/CT. J Nucl Med. 2010;51(7):1059–67. doi:10.2967/jnumed.110.074914.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Binderup T, Knigge U, Loft A, Federspiel B, Kjaer A. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography predicts survival of patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Clin cancer Res Off J Am Ass Cancer Res. 2010;16(3):978–85. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1759.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bahri H, Laurence L, Edeline J, Leghzali H, Devillers A, Raoul JL, Cuggia M, Mesbah H, Clement B, Boucher E, Garin E. High prognostic value of 18F-FDG PET for metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a long-term evaluation. J Nucl Med Official Publ Soc Nucl Med. 2014;55(11):1786–90. doi:10.2967/jnumed.114.144386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Garin E, Le Jeune F, Devillers A, Cuggia M, de Lajarte-Thirouard AS, Bouriel C, Boucher E, Raoul JL. Predictive value of 18F-FDG PET and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in patients with metastatic endocrine tumors. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med. 2009;50(6):858–64. doi:10.2967/jnumed.108.057505.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ambrosini V, Campana D, Polverari G, Peterle C, Diodato S, Ricci C, Allegri V, Casadei R, Tomassetti P, Fanti S. Prognostic value of 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT SUVmax in patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. J Nucl Med. 2015;56(12):1843–8. doi:10.2967/jnumed.115.162719.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Klimstra DS, Modlin IR, Coppola D, Lloyd RV, Suster S. The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems. Pancreas. 2010;39(6):707–12. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ec124e.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hofman MS, Kong G, Neels OC, Eu P, Hong E, Hicks RJ. High management impact of Ga-68 DOTATATE (GaTate) PET/CT for imaging neuroendocrine and other somatostatin expressing tumours. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2012;56(1):40–7. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02327.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ambrosini V, Campana D, Bodei L, Nanni C, Castellucci P, Allegri V, Montini GC, Tomassetti P, Paganelli G, Fanti S. 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT clinical impact in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2010;51(5):669–73. doi:10.2967/jnumed.109.071712.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Srirajaskanthan R, Kayani I, Quigley AM, Soh J, Caplin ME, Bomanji J. The role of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET in patients with neuroendocrine tumors and negative or equivocal findings on 111In-DTPA-octreotide scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 2010;51(6):875–82. doi:10.2967/jnumed.109.066134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Frilling A, Sotiropoulos GC, Radtke A, Malago M, Bockisch A, Kuehl H, Li J, Broelsch CE. The impact of 68Ga-DOTATOC positron emission tomography/computed tomography on the multimodal management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Ann Surg. 2010;252(5):850–6. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181fd37e8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kumar R, Sharma P, Garg P, Karunanithi S, Naswa N, Sharma R, Thulkar S, Lata S, Malhotra A. Role of (68)Ga-DOTATOC PET-CT in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Eur Radiol. 2011;21(11):2408–16. doi:10.1007/s00330-011-2199-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ruf J, Heuck F, Schiefer J, Denecke T, Elgeti F, Pascher A, Pavel M, Stelter L, Kropf S, Wiedenmann B, Amthauer H. Impact of Multiphase 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT on therapy management in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology. 2010;91(1):101–9. doi:10.1159/000265561.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Skoura E, Michopoulou S, Mohmaduvesh M, Panagiotidis E, Al Harbi M, Toumpanakis C, Almukhailed O, Kayani I, Syed R, Navalkissoor S, Ell PJ, Caplin ME, Bomanji J. The impact of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT imaging on management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors: experience from a national referral center in the United Kingdom. J Nucl Med. 2016;57(1):34–40. doi:10.2967/jnumed.115.166017.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Deppen SA, Liu E, Blume JD, Clanton J, Shi C, Jones-Jackson LB, Lakhani V, Baum RP, Berlin J, Smith GT, Graham M, Sandler MP, Delbeke D, Walker RC. Safety and efficacy of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT for diagnosis, staging, and treatment management of neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2016;57(5):708–14. doi:10.2967/jnumed.115.163865.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gaujoux S, Partelli S, Maire F, D'Onofrio M, Larroque B, Tamburrino D, Sauvanet A, Falconi M, Ruszniewski P. Observational study of natural history of small sporadic nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(12):4784–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Caplin ME, Pavel M, Cwikla JB, Phan AT, Raderer M, Sedlackova E, Cadiot G, Wolin EM, Capdevila J, Wall L, Rindi G, Langley A, Martinez S, Blumberg J, Ruszniewski P, Investigators C. Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(3):224–33. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1316158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Krenning EP, Valkema R, Kooij PP, Breeman WA, Bakker WH, deHerder WW, vanEijck CH, Kwekkeboom DJ, deJong M, Pauwels S. Scintigraphy and radionuclide therapy with [indium-111-labelled-diethyl triamine penta-acetic acid-D-Phe1]-octreotide. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;31 Suppl 2:S219–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kwekkeboom DJ, de Herder WW, Kam BL, van Eijck CH, van Essen M, Kooij PP, Feelders RA, van Aken MO, Krenning EP. Treatment with the radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177 Lu-DOTA 0, Tyr3]octreotate: toxicity, efficacy, and survival. J Clin Oncol Official J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26(13):2124–30. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.2553.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Krenning EP, Kooij PP, Pauwels S, Breeman WA, Postema PT, De Herder WW, Valkema R, Kwekkeboom DJ. Somatostatin receptor: scintigraphy and radionuclide therapy. Digestion. 1996;57 Suppl 1:57–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kong G, Johnston V, Ramdave S, Lau E, Rischin D, Hicks RJ. High-administered activity In-111 octreotide therapy with concomitant radiosensitizing 5FU chemotherapy for treatment of neuroendocrine tumors: preliminary experience. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2009;24(5):527–33. doi:10.1089/cbr.2009.0644.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Claringbold PG, Brayshaw PA, Price RA, Turner JH. Phase II study of radiopeptide 177Lu-octreotate and capecitabine therapy of progressive disseminated neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;38(2):302–11. doi:10.1007/s00259-010-1631-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Claringbold PG, Price RA, Turner JH. Phase I-II study of radiopeptide 177Lu-octreotate in combination with capecitabine and temozolomide in advanced low-grade neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2012;27(9):561–9. doi:10.1089/cbr.2012.1276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Cwikla JB, Sankowski A, Seklecka N, Buscombe JR, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, Jeziorski KG, Mikolajczak R, Pawlak D, Stepien K, Walecki J. Efficacy of radionuclide treatment DOTATATE Y-90 in patients with progressive metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (GEP-NETs): a phase II study. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol. 2010;21(4):787–94. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp372.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Horsch D, Ezziddin S, Haug A, Gratz KF, Dunkelmann S, Krause BJ, Schumichen C, Bengel FM, Knapp WH, Bartenstein P, Biersack HJ, Plockinger U, Schwartz-Fuchs S, Baum RP. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for neuroendocrine tumors in Germany: first results of a multi-institutional cancer registry. Recent Results Cancer Res Fortschritte der Krebsforschung Progres dans les recherches sur le cancer. 2013;194:457–65. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27994-2_25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Romer A, Seiler D, Marincek N, Brunner P, Koller MT, Ng QK, Maecke HR, Muller-Brand J, Rochlitz C, Briel M, Schindler C, Walter MA. Somatostatin-based radiopeptide therapy with [177Lu-DOTA]-TOC versus [90Y-DOTA]-TOC in neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41(2):214–22. doi:10.1007/s00259-013-2559-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Villard L, Romer A, Marincek N, Brunner P, Koller MT, Schindler C, Ng QK, Macke HR, Muller-Brand J, Rochlitz C, Briel M, Walter MA. Cohort study of somatostatin-based radiopeptide therapy with [(90)Y-DOTA]-TOC versus [(90)Y-DOTA]-TOC plus [(177)Lu-DOTA]-TOC in neuroendocrine cancers. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2012;30(10):1100–6. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.37.2151.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Imhof A, Brunner P, Marincek N, Briel M, Schindler C, Rasch H, Macke HR, Rochlitz C, Muller-Brand J, Walter MA. Response, survival, and long-term toxicity after therapy with the radiolabeled somatostatin analogue [90Y-DOTA]-TOC in metastasized neuroendocrine cancers. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2011;29(17):2416–23. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.33.7873.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kong G, Thompson M, Collins M, Herschtal A, Hofman MS, Johnston V, Eu P, Michael M, Hicks RJ. Assessment of predictors of response and long-term survival of patients with neuroendocrine tumour treated with peptide receptor chemoradionuclide therapy (PRCRT). Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41(10):1831–44. doi:10.1007/s00259-014-2788-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. van Essen M, Krenning EP, Kam BL, de Herder WW, van Aken MO, Kwekkeboom DJ. Report on short-term side effects of treatments with 177Lu-octreotate in combination with capecitabine in seven patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35(4):743–8. doi:10.1007/s00259-007-0688-7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Hubble D, Kong G, Michael M, Johnson V, Ramdave S, Hicks RJ. 177Lu-octreotate, alone or with radiosensitising chemotherapy, is safe in neuroendocrine tumour patients previously treated with high-activity 111In-octreotide. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37(10):1869–75. doi:10.1007/s00259-010-1483-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Teng J, Abell S, Hicks RJ, Hofman MS, Sachithanandan N, McKelvie P, MacIsaac RJ. Protracted hypocalcaemia following a single dose of denosumab in humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy due to PTHrP-secreting neuroendocrine tumour. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014;81(6):940–2. doi:10.1111/cen.12519.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hofman MS, Hicks RJ. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for neuroendocrine tumours: standardized and randomized, or personalized? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41(2):211–3. doi:10.1007/s00259-013-2621-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hofman MS, Michael M, Kashyap R, Hicks RJ. Modifying the poor prognosis associated with 18F-FDG-Avid NET with Peptide Receptor Chemo-Radionuclide Therapy (PRCRT). J Nucl Med. 2015;56(6):968–9. doi:10.2967/jnumed.115.154500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kashyap R, Hofman MS, Michael M, Kong G, Akhurst T, Eu P, Zannino D, Hicks RJ. Favourable outcomes of (177)Lu-octreotate peptide receptor chemoradionuclide therapy in patients with FDG-avid neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42(2):176–85. doi:10.1007/s00259-014-2906-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Kashyap R, Hofman MS, Michael M, Kong G, Akhurst T, Eu P, Zannino D, Hicks RJ. Favourable outcomes of Lu-octreotate peptide receptor chemoradionuclide therapy in patients with FDG-avid neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014. doi:10.1007/s00259-014-2906-4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Beauregard JM, Hofman MS, Pereira JM, Eu P, Hicks RJ. Quantitative (177)Lu SPECT (QSPECT) imaging using a commercially available SPECT/CT system. Cancer Imaging. 2011;11:56–66. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2011.0012.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Jackson PA, Beauregard JM, Hofman MS, Kron T, Hogg A, Hicks RJ. An automated voxelized dosimetry tool for radionuclide therapy based on serial quantitative SPECT/CT imaging. Med Phys. 2013;40(11):112503. doi:10.1118/1.4824318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Rinke A, Muller HH, Schade-Brittinger C, Klose KJ, Barth P, Wied M, Mayer C, Aminossadati B, Pape UF, Blaker M, Harder J, Arnold C, Gress T, Arnold R, Group PS. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors: a report from the PROMID Study Group. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27(28):4656–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Brizzi MP, Berruti A, Ferrero A, Milanesi E, Volante M, Castiglione F, Birocco N, Bombaci S, Perroni D, Ferretti B, Alabiso O, Ciuffreda L, Bertetto O, Papotti M, Dogliotti L. Continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion plus long acting octreotide in advanced well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. A phase II trial of the Piemonte oncology network. BMC Cancer. 2009;9:388. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-9-388.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Sun W, Lipsitz S, Catalano P, Mailliard JA, Haller DG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology G. Phase II/III study of doxorubicin with fluorouracil compared with streptozocin with fluorouracil or dacarbazine in the treatment of advanced carcinoid tumors: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E1281. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23(22):4897–904. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.616.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Strosberg JR, Fine RL, Choi J, Nasir A, Coppola D, Chen DT, Helm J, Kvols L. First-line chemotherapy with capecitabine and temozolomide in patients with metastatic pancreatic endocrine carcinomas. Cancer. 2011;117(2):268–75. doi:10.1002/cncr.25425.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Fine RL, Gulati AP, Krantz BA, Moss RA, Schreibman S, Tsushima DA, Mowatt KB, Dinnen RD, Mao Y, Stevens PD, Schrope B, Allendorf J, Lee JA, Sherman WH, Chabot JA. Capecitabine and temozolomide (CAPTEM) for metastatic, well-differentiated neuroendocrine cancers: the Pancreas Center at Columbia University experience. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2013;71(3):663–70. doi:10.1007/s00280-012-2055-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Yao JC, Shah MH, Ito T, Bohas CL, Wolin EM, Van Cutsem E, Hobday TJ, Okusaka T, Capdevila J, de Vries EG, Tomassetti P, Pavel ME, Hoosen S, Haas T, Lincy J, Lebwohl D, Oberg K, Rad001 in Advanced Neuroendocrine Tumors TTSG . Everolimus for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(6):514–23. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1009290.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Yao JC, Phan AT, Chang DZ, Wolff RA, Hess K, Gupta S, Jacobs C, Mares JE, Landgraf AN, Rashid A, Meric-Bernstam F. Efficacy of RAD001 (everolimus) and octreotide LAR in advanced low- to intermediate-grade neuroendocrine tumors: results of a phase II study. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26(26):4311–8. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.7858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Raymond E, Dahan L, Raoul JL, Bang YJ, Borbath I, Lombard-Bohas C, Valle J, Metrakos P, Smith D, Vinik A, Chen JS, Horsch D, Hammel P, Wiedenmann B, Van Cutsem E, Patyna S, Lu DR, Blanckmeister C, Chao R, Ruszniewski P. Sunitinib malate for the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(6):501–13. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1003825.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, Wanders J, Kaplan RS, Rubinstein L, Verweij J, Van Glabbeke M, van Oosterom AT, Christian MC, Gwyther SG. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(3):205–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Young H, Baum R, Cremerius U, Herholz K, Hoekstra O, Lammertsma AA, Pruim J, Price P. Measurement of clinical and subclinical tumour response using [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography: review and 1999 EORTC recommendations. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) PET Study Group. Eur J Cancer. 1999;35(13):1773–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Wahl RL, Jacene H, Kasamon Y, Lodge MA. From RECIST to PERCIST: evolving considerations for PET response criteria in solid tumors. J Nucl Med. 2009;50 Suppl 1:122S–50. doi:10.2967/jnumed.108.057307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Pattison DA, Hofman MS. Role of fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography in targeted radionuclide therapy for endocrine malignancies. PET Clin. 2015;10(4):461–76. doi:10.1016/j.cpet.2015.05.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Molecular Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia

    Michael S. Hofman MBBS, FRACP, FAANMS

  2. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

    Michael S. Hofman MBBS, FRACP, FAANMS

Authors
  1. Michael S. Hofman MBBS, FRACP, FAANMS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael S. Hofman MBBS, FRACP, FAANMS .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Karel Pacak

  2. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France

    David Taïeb

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hofman, M.S. (2017). Principles and Application of Molecular Imaging for Personalized Medicine and Guiding Interventions in Neuroendocrine Tumors. In: Pacak, K., Taïeb, D. (eds) Diagnostic and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine for Neuroendocrine Tumors. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46038-3_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46038-3_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-46036-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-46038-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation