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Sensory Substitution and the Neural Correlates of Navigation in Blindness

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Mobility of Visually Impaired People

Abstract

This chapter reviews the most recent advances in sensory substitution and the neural correlates of navigation in congenital blindness . Studies have established the superior ability of congenitally blind (CB) participants with the aid of Sensory Substitution Devices (SSDs) to navigate new environments and detect the size and shape of obstacles in order to avoid them. These studies suggest that with training, CB can achieve a representation of space that is equivalent to that of the sighted. From a phenomenological point of view, sensation and perception provided by SSDs have been likened to real vision, but the question remains as to the subjective sensations (qualia) felt by users. We review recent theories on the phenomenological properties of sensory substitution and the recent literature on spatial abilities of participants using SSDs. From these different sources of research, we conclude that training-induced plastic changes enable task-specific brain activations. The recruitment of the primary visual cortex by nonvisual SSD stimulations and, the subsequent activations of associative visual cortices in the congenitally blind, suggest that the sensory information is treated in an amodal fashion; i.e.,: in terms of the task being performed rather than the sensory modality. These anatomical changes enable the embodiment of nonvisual information allowing SSD users to accomplish a multitude of “visual” tasks. We will emphasize here the abilities of CB individuals to navigate in real and virtual environments in spite of a large volumetric reduction in the posterior segment of the hippocampus , a key area involved in navigation . In addition, the superior behavioral performance of CB in a variety of sensory and cognitive tasks, combined with anatomical and functional MRI, underlines the susceptibility of the brain to training-induced plasticity.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The reader is referred to a film produced by Discovery channel on the various abilities developed by CB and LB participants using the TDU. « The Plastic Fantastic Brain » https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzmZArOryGk&t=5s.

  2. 2.

    For more on this, please see the chapter, Harrar et al., The Multisensory Brain, Chap. 4 in this special edition).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (VCN Laboratory), Department of Behavioral Sciences and Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel

    Daniel-Robert Chebat

  2. Chaire de recherche Harland Sanders en Sciences de la Vision, École d’Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

    Vanessa Harrar & Maurice Ptito

  3. Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Maurice Ptito

  4. Brain Research and Integrative Neuroscience Laboratory, Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark

    Ron Kupers & Maurice Ptito

  5. Department of Medical Neurobiology, the Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91220, Jerusalem, Israel

    Shachar Maidenbaum & Amir Amedi

  6. The Edmond and Lily Safra Centre for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91220, Jerusalem, Israel

    Shachar Maidenbaum & Amir Amedi

  7. Cognitive Sciences Program, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91220, Jerusalem, Israel

    Amir Amedi

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  2. Universidad Panamericana, Aguascalientes, Mexico

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Chebat, DR., Harrar, V., Kupers, R., Maidenbaum, S., Amedi, A., Ptito, M. (2018). Sensory Substitution and the Neural Correlates of Navigation in Blindness. In: Pissaloux, E., Velazquez, R. (eds) Mobility of Visually Impaired People. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54446-5_6

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